Genetic Detection of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Causing by Naegleria Fowleri in Iraq: A Case Report
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Abstract
We diagnosed a case report of amoebic meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri. This case represented the first recording in Iraq where it was not recording previously. This case was diagnosed after the death of an 18-year-old girl patient who lived in a rural area of Mosul in Iraq. Genetics detection of N. fowleri showed PCR product was 183bp for 18S rRNA gene. It was registered as the first recording of Iraqi isolate N. fowleri in GenBank with accession number OP380864.1. It is necessary to examine microscopically the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) to observe the amoeba stages and exclude the bacterial causative. Rapid diagnosis may help in the treatment of amoebic meningoencephalitis. In addition, genetic identification can diagnose amoeba. Avoiding swimming or using freshwater contributes to prevent amoebic meningoencephalitis infection.
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6. Baqer NN, Hammood AH, Hassan KF, Hassan ES. Detection of water-borne parasites in drinking water of Baghdad, Iraq. Afr J Infect Dis. 2018;12(2):1-6.doi: 10.21010 /ajid.v12i2.1.
7. Makawi ZA, Jassim SY. Isolation of different parasites from the freshwater of Euphrates River in Anbar Province, Iraq. Revis. Bionatura 2022; 7 (2) 28. http://dx.doi. org/10.21931/RB/2022.07.02.28
8. Al-Aboody BA, Altooma MA, Al-Badran AI. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Free-living Amoebae Acanthamoeba spp. Isolated From Environmental and clinical Sources in Thi-Qar province/Iraq. Ann Romanian Soc Cell Biol. 2021;1:6704-14. https://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/839
9. AL-Aboody BA, Altooma MA, AL-Badran AI. First record of ciliophora (Orchitophryidae) isolated from CSF samples of patients with meningitis in Thi-Qar province south of Iraq. Mater Today Proc. 2021;7.1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.1016 /j.matpr.2021.05.486
10. da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F. Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;251406. doi: 10.1155/2009/251406.
11. Schild M, Gianinazzi C, Gottstein B, Müller N. PCR-based diagnosis of Naegleria sp. infection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain sections. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(2):564-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01357-06.
12. Hamaty E, Faiek S, Nandi M, Stidd D, Trivedi M, Kandukuri H. A fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from recreational waters. Case Rep Crit Care. 2020 .28;9235794. doi: 10.1155/2020/9235794.
13. Lopez C, Budge P, Chen J, et al. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Emerg. Care. 2012.1;28(3):272-6. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182495589.
14. Cope JR, Conrad DA, Cohen N, et al. Use of the novel therapeutic agent miltefosine for the treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis: report of 1 fatal and 1 surviving case. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 .15;62(6):774-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ1021.
15. Dunn AL, Reed T, Stewart C, Levy RA. Naegleria fowleri That Induces Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Rapid Diagnosis and Rare Case of Survival in a 12-Year-Old Caucasian Girl. Lab Med. 2016;47(2):149-54. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmw008.
16. Cogo PE, Scagli M, Gatti S, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(10):1835-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1010.040273
17. Matanock A, Mehal JM, Liu L, Blau DM, Cope JR. Estimation of Undiagnosed Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(1):162-164. doi: 10.3201/eid2401.170545.
18. Anjum SK, Mangrola K, Fitzpatrick G, et al. A case report of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in North Florida. ID Cases. 2021.1;25:e01208. doi: 10.1016/ j.idcr.2021.e01208
19. Barnett ND, Kaplan AM, Hopkin RJ, Saubolle MA, Rudinsky MF. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with Naegleria fowleri: clinical review. Pediatr Neurol. 1996 .1;15(3):230-4. doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(96)00173-7.
20. Naqi R, Azeemuddin M. Naegleria infection of the central nervous system, CT scan findings: a case series. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013; 63(3), 399–402. PMID: 23914650
2. Fowler M, Carter RF. Acute pyogenic meningitis probably due to Acanthamoeba sp.: a preliminary report. Br Med J. 1965. 9;2(5464):734-2. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5464.734-a.
3. Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ. The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2010 ;138(7):968-75. doi: 10.1017/S0950268809991014.
4. Martínez-Castillo M, Cárdenas-Zúñiga R, Coronado-Velázquez D, Debnath A, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Naegleria fowleri after 50 years: is it a neglected pathogen? J Med Microbiol. 2016;65(9):885-896. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000303.
5. De Jonckheere JF. Origin and evolution of the worldwide distributed pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(7):1520-8. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.023.
6. Baqer NN, Hammood AH, Hassan KF, Hassan ES. Detection of water-borne parasites in drinking water of Baghdad, Iraq. Afr J Infect Dis. 2018;12(2):1-6.doi: 10.21010 /ajid.v12i2.1.
7. Makawi ZA, Jassim SY. Isolation of different parasites from the freshwater of Euphrates River in Anbar Province, Iraq. Revis. Bionatura 2022; 7 (2) 28. http://dx.doi. org/10.21931/RB/2022.07.02.28
8. Al-Aboody BA, Altooma MA, Al-Badran AI. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Free-living Amoebae Acanthamoeba spp. Isolated From Environmental and clinical Sources in Thi-Qar province/Iraq. Ann Romanian Soc Cell Biol. 2021;1:6704-14. https://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/839
9. AL-Aboody BA, Altooma MA, AL-Badran AI. First record of ciliophora (Orchitophryidae) isolated from CSF samples of patients with meningitis in Thi-Qar province south of Iraq. Mater Today Proc. 2021;7.1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.1016 /j.matpr.2021.05.486
10. da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F. Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;251406. doi: 10.1155/2009/251406.
11. Schild M, Gianinazzi C, Gottstein B, Müller N. PCR-based diagnosis of Naegleria sp. infection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain sections. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(2):564-7. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01357-06.
12. Hamaty E, Faiek S, Nandi M, Stidd D, Trivedi M, Kandukuri H. A fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from recreational waters. Case Rep Crit Care. 2020 .28;9235794. doi: 10.1155/2020/9235794.
13. Lopez C, Budge P, Chen J, et al. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Emerg. Care. 2012.1;28(3):272-6. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182495589.
14. Cope JR, Conrad DA, Cohen N, et al. Use of the novel therapeutic agent miltefosine for the treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis: report of 1 fatal and 1 surviving case. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 .15;62(6):774-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ1021.
15. Dunn AL, Reed T, Stewart C, Levy RA. Naegleria fowleri That Induces Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Rapid Diagnosis and Rare Case of Survival in a 12-Year-Old Caucasian Girl. Lab Med. 2016;47(2):149-54. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmw008.
16. Cogo PE, Scagli M, Gatti S, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(10):1835-7. doi: 10.3201/eid1010.040273
17. Matanock A, Mehal JM, Liu L, Blau DM, Cope JR. Estimation of Undiagnosed Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(1):162-164. doi: 10.3201/eid2401.170545.
18. Anjum SK, Mangrola K, Fitzpatrick G, et al. A case report of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in North Florida. ID Cases. 2021.1;25:e01208. doi: 10.1016/ j.idcr.2021.e01208
19. Barnett ND, Kaplan AM, Hopkin RJ, Saubolle MA, Rudinsky MF. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with Naegleria fowleri: clinical review. Pediatr Neurol. 1996 .1;15(3):230-4. doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(96)00173-7.
20. Naqi R, Azeemuddin M. Naegleria infection of the central nervous system, CT scan findings: a case series. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013; 63(3), 399–402. PMID: 23914650
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Case Report(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i3.13765 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Naegleria fowleri Amoebic meningoencephalitis Iraq | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Baqer NN, Mohammed A, AL-Aboody B, Ismail A. Genetic Detection of Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Causing by Naegleria Fowleri in Iraq: A Case Report. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(3):408-413.
