The Hematological and Biochemical Manifestations of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Shih Tzu-Terrier Dog with Severe Infection: A Case Report
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Abstract
Cutaneous involvement in canine leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum, is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the zoonotic infectious disease. A 4-month-old female Shih Tzu-terrier dog with significant weight loss and depression and chronic erosive skin lesions around eyes and the area above the nose was presented to the Semnan University Veterinary Hospital teaching, Semnan, Iran. The main clinicopathological findings included marked leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, monocytosis, mild hypoproteinemia, and hypoalbuminemia. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was performed based on the presence of a large number of Leishmania amastigotes in skin Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA). The dog was euthanized and sent to the autopsy department for further investigation.
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2. Boggiatto PM, Gibson-Corley KN, Metz K, et al. Transplacental transmission of Leishmania infantum as a means for continued disease incidence in North America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011; 5(4): e1019.
3. Naucke TJ, Lorentz S. First report of venereal and vertical transmission of canine leishmaniosis from naturally infected dogs in Germany. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5: 67.
4. De Freitas E, Melo MN, da Costa-Val AP, et al. Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood trans-fusion in dogs: potential for infection and im-portance of clinical factors. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 137(1-2): 159–67.
5. Tabar MD, Roura X, Francino O, et al. Detection of Leishmania infantum by real-time PCR in a canine blood bank. J Small Anim Pract. 2008; 49(7): 325–28
6. Gaskin AA, Schantz P, Jackson J, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in a New York foxhound kennel. J Vet Intern Med. 2002; 16(1): 34-44
7. Naucke TJ, Amelung S, Lorentz S. First report of transmission of canine leishmaniasis through bite wounds from a naturally infected dog in Germany. Parasites & Vector. 2016; 9: 256.
8. Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Hamzavi Y, et al. Epide-miological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2005; 129(3-4): 243–51.
9. Salotra P, Singh R. Challenges in the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res. 2006; 123(3): 295–310.
10. Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Teimouri A, et al. Identi-fication and phylogenetic relationship of Iranian strains of various Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous and visceral cases of leishmaniasis based on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene. Infect Genet Evol. 2014; 26: 203–12.
11. Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. Plos One. 2012; 7(5): e35671.
12. Den Boer M, Argaw D, Jannin J, et al. Leishmania-sis impact and treatment access. Clin Microbiol In-fect. 2011; 17(10): 1471-7.
13. Akhavan AA, Mirhendi H, Khamesipour A, et al. Leishmania species: Detection and identification by nested PCR assay from skin samples of rodent res-ervoirs. Exp Parasitol. 2010; 126(4): 552–6.
14. Font A, Gines C, Closa JM, et al. Visceral leishman-iasis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994; 204(7): 1043-4.
15. Rogers KS. Coagulation disorders associated with neoplasia in the dog. Vet Med. 1992; 87: 55-0.
16. De Carvalho Nicolato R, de Abreu RT, Roatt BM, et al. Clinical forms of canine visceral leishmaniasis in naturally Leishmania infantum–infected dogs and related myelogram and hemogram changes. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12): e82947.
17. das Dores Moreira N, Vitoriano-Souza J, Roatt BM, et al. Clinical, hematological and biochemical altera-tions in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum through different routes of inoculation. Parasit Vectors. 2016; 9: 181.
18. Xavier SC, de Andrade HM, Monte SJH, et al. Comparison of paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from different anatomical regions as sampling methods for detection of Leishmania infection in dogs using histological, immunohistochemical and PCR methods. BMC Vet Res. 2006; 2: 17.
19. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y. Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis. 2018; 55(3): 173–83
20. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, et al. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Wild Canines (Fox, Jackal, and Wolf) in Northeastern Iran Using Parasitologi-cal, Serological, and Molecular Methods. J Arthro-pod Borne Dis. 2016; 10(4): 538–45
21. Paltrinieri S, Solano-Gallego L, Fondati A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010; 236(11): 1184-91
22. Saeed AM, Khalil EA, Elhassan AM, et al. Serum erythropoietin concentration in anemia of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) before and during antimo-nial therapy. Br J Haematol. 1998; 100(4): 720–4.
23. De Luna R, Ferrante M, Severino L, et al. De-creased Lipid Fluidity of the Erythrocyte Mem-brane in Dogs with Leishmaniasis-associated Ane-mia. J Comp Pathol. 2000; 122(2-3): 213–16.
24. Pippard MJ, Moir D, Weatherall DJ, et al. Mecha-nism of anemia in resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1986; 80(3): 317–23.
25. Amusategui I, Sainz A, Rodriguez F, et al. Distribu-tion and relationships between clinical and bio-pathological parameters in canine leishmaniasis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003; 18(2): 147–56.
26. Ikeda FA, Ciarlinip C, Lopes RS, et al. Hematologi-cal evaluation of dogs naturally infected by Leishma-nia (Leishmania) chagasi submitted to treatment with meglumine. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Re-search and Animal Science. 2008; 45.
27. Shourijeh SJ, Tamadon A, Fakhar M, et al. First report of visceral leishmaniasis in a German shep-herd dog in Fars Province, Southern Iran. Compar-ative Clin Pathol. 2006; 15(4): 267-9.
28. Bogdan C, Schonian G, Banuls AL, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in a German child who had never en-tered a known endemic area: case report and re-view of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 32(2): 302–6.
29. Giunchetti RC, Mayrink W, Carneiro CM, et al. Histopathological and immunohistochemical inves-tigations of the hepatic compartment associated with parasitism and serum biochemical changes in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(2): 269-77.
30. Meléndez-Lazo A, Ordeix L, Planellas M, et al. Clinicopathological findings in sick dogs naturally in-fected with Leishmania infantum: Comparison of five different clinical classification systems. Res Vet Sci. 2018; 117: 18-27.
2. Boggiatto PM, Gibson-Corley KN, Metz K, et al. Transplacental transmission of Leishmania infantum as a means for continued disease incidence in North America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011; 5(4): e1019.
3. Naucke TJ, Lorentz S. First report of venereal and vertical transmission of canine leishmaniosis from naturally infected dogs in Germany. Parasit Vectors. 2012; 5: 67.
4. De Freitas E, Melo MN, da Costa-Val AP, et al. Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood trans-fusion in dogs: potential for infection and im-portance of clinical factors. Vet Parasitol. 2006; 137(1-2): 159–67.
5. Tabar MD, Roura X, Francino O, et al. Detection of Leishmania infantum by real-time PCR in a canine blood bank. J Small Anim Pract. 2008; 49(7): 325–28
6. Gaskin AA, Schantz P, Jackson J, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in a New York foxhound kennel. J Vet Intern Med. 2002; 16(1): 34-44
7. Naucke TJ, Amelung S, Lorentz S. First report of transmission of canine leishmaniasis through bite wounds from a naturally infected dog in Germany. Parasites & Vector. 2016; 9: 256.
8. Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Hamzavi Y, et al. Epide-miological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2005; 129(3-4): 243–51.
9. Salotra P, Singh R. Challenges in the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res. 2006; 123(3): 295–310.
10. Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Teimouri A, et al. Identi-fication and phylogenetic relationship of Iranian strains of various Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous and visceral cases of leishmaniasis based on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene. Infect Genet Evol. 2014; 26: 203–12.
11. Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. Plos One. 2012; 7(5): e35671.
12. Den Boer M, Argaw D, Jannin J, et al. Leishmania-sis impact and treatment access. Clin Microbiol In-fect. 2011; 17(10): 1471-7.
13. Akhavan AA, Mirhendi H, Khamesipour A, et al. Leishmania species: Detection and identification by nested PCR assay from skin samples of rodent res-ervoirs. Exp Parasitol. 2010; 126(4): 552–6.
14. Font A, Gines C, Closa JM, et al. Visceral leishman-iasis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994; 204(7): 1043-4.
15. Rogers KS. Coagulation disorders associated with neoplasia in the dog. Vet Med. 1992; 87: 55-0.
16. De Carvalho Nicolato R, de Abreu RT, Roatt BM, et al. Clinical forms of canine visceral leishmaniasis in naturally Leishmania infantum–infected dogs and related myelogram and hemogram changes. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12): e82947.
17. das Dores Moreira N, Vitoriano-Souza J, Roatt BM, et al. Clinical, hematological and biochemical altera-tions in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum through different routes of inoculation. Parasit Vectors. 2016; 9: 181.
18. Xavier SC, de Andrade HM, Monte SJH, et al. Comparison of paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from different anatomical regions as sampling methods for detection of Leishmania infection in dogs using histological, immunohistochemical and PCR methods. BMC Vet Res. 2006; 2: 17.
19. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y. Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis. 2018; 55(3): 173–83
20. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, et al. Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Wild Canines (Fox, Jackal, and Wolf) in Northeastern Iran Using Parasitologi-cal, Serological, and Molecular Methods. J Arthro-pod Borne Dis. 2016; 10(4): 538–45
21. Paltrinieri S, Solano-Gallego L, Fondati A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010; 236(11): 1184-91
22. Saeed AM, Khalil EA, Elhassan AM, et al. Serum erythropoietin concentration in anemia of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) before and during antimo-nial therapy. Br J Haematol. 1998; 100(4): 720–4.
23. De Luna R, Ferrante M, Severino L, et al. De-creased Lipid Fluidity of the Erythrocyte Mem-brane in Dogs with Leishmaniasis-associated Ane-mia. J Comp Pathol. 2000; 122(2-3): 213–16.
24. Pippard MJ, Moir D, Weatherall DJ, et al. Mecha-nism of anemia in resistant visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1986; 80(3): 317–23.
25. Amusategui I, Sainz A, Rodriguez F, et al. Distribu-tion and relationships between clinical and bio-pathological parameters in canine leishmaniasis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003; 18(2): 147–56.
26. Ikeda FA, Ciarlinip C, Lopes RS, et al. Hematologi-cal evaluation of dogs naturally infected by Leishma-nia (Leishmania) chagasi submitted to treatment with meglumine. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Re-search and Animal Science. 2008; 45.
27. Shourijeh SJ, Tamadon A, Fakhar M, et al. First report of visceral leishmaniasis in a German shep-herd dog in Fars Province, Southern Iran. Compar-ative Clin Pathol. 2006; 15(4): 267-9.
28. Bogdan C, Schonian G, Banuls AL, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in a German child who had never en-tered a known endemic area: case report and re-view of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 32(2): 302–6.
29. Giunchetti RC, Mayrink W, Carneiro CM, et al. Histopathological and immunohistochemical inves-tigations of the hepatic compartment associated with parasitism and serum biochemical changes in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(2): 269-77.
30. Meléndez-Lazo A, Ordeix L, Planellas M, et al. Clinicopathological findings in sick dogs naturally in-fected with Leishmania infantum: Comparison of five different clinical classification systems. Res Vet Sci. 2018; 117: 18-27.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 3 (2020) | |
| Section | Case Report(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4213 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Canine leishmaniasis Pathology Cutaneous Leishmania | ||
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How to Cite
1.
AHMADI-HAMEDANI M, HOSSEINPOUR H, ESKAFIAN H, DAVARPANAH S. The Hematological and Biochemical Manifestations of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Shih Tzu-Terrier Dog with Severe Infection: A Case Report. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(3):457-462.
