Cercarial Trematode Infections in Freshwater Snails of Maha Sarakham Province, Northeast Thailand
-
Chavanut Jaroenchaiwattanachote
,
Jitsuda Kullawat
,
Tongjit Thanchomnang
,
Supawadee Piratae
,
Kritsana Homwutthiwong
,
Weerachai Saijuntha
,
Teputid Kuasit
Abstract
Background: Trematode-borne diseases remain an important public health issue in Thailand, where freshwater ecosystems support a wide diversity of snail species that act as intermediate hosts. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of parasitic infections among freshwater snails in Maha Sarakham Province.
Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional survey design to ascertain the prevalence of fluke larvae in freshwater snails in Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand during April 2023. Snail samples were selected from four freshwater bodies using the counts per unit of time methodology, with five distinct sampling points established at each site. Cercaria larvae detection was conducted using the cercaria shedding method. The cercariae were examined under a stereomicroscope to classify them based on morphological characteristics.
Results: Among the 959 individual snails examined, 11 species of freshwater snails were identified, including three cercarial trematodes, Pleurolophocercous cercaria, Furcocercous cercaria, and Xiphidiocercaria, in which Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa and Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos were infected. The overall prevalence of trematode infection was 1.04%, with 10 infected snails. The Chi Long Forest Park Reservoir exhibited the highest infection rate at 2.33%, followed by the Nang Chong Stream at 0.60% and the Ban Koeng Reservoir at 0.45%, respectively. The prevalence of trematode infections in four freshwater bodies was not significantly different (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study provide essential baseline data for developing effective trematode control and prevention strategies in the study area. Accordingly, targeted management of intermediate host snail populations is critical for interrupting the trematode life cycle and minimizing transmission risk.
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2. Keiser J, Utzinger J. Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11:1507–14.
3. Chai JY, Shin EH, Lee SH, Rim HJ. Foodborne intestinal flukes in Southeast Asia. Korean J Parasitol. 2009; 47 Suppl(Suppl):S69-102.
4. Suwannatrai A, Saichua P, Haswell M. Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection. Adv Parasitol. 2018; 101:41–67.
5. Sithithaworn P, Andrews RH, Nguyen VD, et al. The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(1):10–16.
6. Rodpai R, Janwan P, Sadaow L, et al. Current Prevalence of Infection with Opisthorchis viverrini and Intestinal Parasites in Rural Communities in Northeast Thailand Using Stool Examinations and Serological Screening Methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2025;113(4):821-826.
7. Laoraksawong P, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, et al. Current high prevalences of Strongyloides stercoralis and Opisthorchis viverrini infections in rural communities in northeast Thailand and associated risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):940.
8. Grundy-Warr C, Andrews RH, Sithithaw-orn P, et al. Raw attitudes, wetland cultures, life-cycles: socio-cultural dynamics relating to Opisthorchis viverrini in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(1):65–70.
9. Aunpromma S, Tangkawattana P, Papirom P, et al. High prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in reservoir hosts in four districts of Khon Kaen Province, an opisthorchiasis endemic area of Thailand. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(1):60–64.
10. Harinasuta C, Harinasuta T. Opisthorchis viverrini: life cycle, intermediate hosts, transmission to man and geographical distribution in Thailand. Arzneimittelforsch-ung. 1984;34(9B):1164–7.
11. Sripa B, Bethony JM, Sithithaworn P, et al. Opisthorchiasis and Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Acta Trop. 2011; 120 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S158-68.
12. Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Mulvenna J, et al. The tumorigenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-multiple pathways to cancer. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(10):395–407.
13. Agrawal MC. Prevalence in final host. In: Agrawal MC, editor. Schistosomes and Schistosomiasis in South Asia. New Delhi: Springer; 2012. pp. 85–121.
14. Krailas D, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, et al. Cercarial dermatitis outbreak caused by ruminant parasite with intermediate snail host: schistosome in Chana, South Thailand. Evol Syst. 2022;6:151–173.
15. Rachprakhon P, Purivirojkul W. Infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Parasites Hosts Dis. 2024;62(4):461–475.
16. Anucherngchai S, Tejangkura T, Chontananarth T. Epidemiological situation and molecular identification of Cercariael stage in freshwater snails in Chao-Phraya Basin, Central Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2016;6(6):539–545.
17. Olivier L, Schneiderman M. A method for estimating the density of aquatic snail populations. Exp Parasitol. 1956;5(2):109–117.
18. Brandt RAM. The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. German: Waldeman Kramer; 1974.
19. Brown DS. Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis; 1994.
20. Frandsen F, Christensen NO. An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 1984;41(2):181–202.
21. Schell SC. How to know the trematode. Iowa: WMC Brown; 1970.
22. Chantima K, Suk-Ueng K, Kampan M. Freshwater snail diversity in Mae Lao agricultural basin (Chiang Rai, Thailand) with a focus on larval trematode infections. Korean J Parasitol. 2018;56(3):247–257.
23. Haruay S, Piratae S. Situation and cercarial infection of freshwater mollusk from Sirindhorn Reservoir, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(3):421–429.
24. Senasri N, Chumnanka N, Sriyasak P. Prevalence of cercarial trematodes in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in catchment areas of Nam Oun Dam, Phang Khon District, Sakon Nakhon Province. Burapha Sci J. 2022;27(3):1852–1871. [in Thai]
25. Bunchom N, Pilap W, Suksavate W, et al. Trematode infection in freshwater snails from Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. Southeast. Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2020;51:518–527.
26. Ardpairin J, Dumidae A, Subkrasae C, et al. Preliminary Survey of Larval Trematodes in Freshwater Snails of Phitsanulok Province in Lower Northern Thailand. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(2):268–276.
27. Kopolrat KY, Sithithaworn P, Kiatsopit N, et al. Population dynamics and diversity of trematode infections in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in an irrigated area in northeast Thailand. Parasitology. 2022;149(3):407–417.
28. Chontananarth T, Tejangkura T, Wetchasart N, Chimburut C. Morphological Characteristics and Phylogenetic Trends of Trematode Cercariae in Freshwater Snails from Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(1):47–54.
29. Ngern-klun R, Sukontason KL, Tesana S, et al. Field investigation of Bithynia funiculata, intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini in northern Thailand. The Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006;37(4):662–672.
30. Chontananarth T, Wongsawad C. Epidemiology of cercarial stage of trematodes in freshwater snails from Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(3):237–243.
31. Chontananarth T, Wongsawad C. The pleurophocercous cercariae infection in snail Family Thiaridae Grey, 1847 Northern, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2017;7(4):205–210.
32. Tesana S, Srisawangwong T, Sithithaworn P, et al. Prevalence and intensity of infection with third stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks from Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:983–987.
33. Kim JR, Hayes KA, Yeung NW, Cowie RH. Diverse gastropod hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, globally and with a focus on the Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e94969.
34. Tesana S. Diversity of mollusks in the Lam Ta Khong reservoir, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33(4):733–738.
35. Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D. Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosyst Evol. 2014; 90:57–86.
36. Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, Kopolrat K, et al. Trematode diversity in the freshwater snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos sensu lato from Thailand and Lao PDR. J Helminthol. 2016;90(3):312–320.
37. Bunchom N, Saijuntha W, Andrews RH, et al. Molecular insights into seasonal trematode infections in Bithynia Snails: host lineages, parasite diversity, and Opisthorchis viverrini susceptibility in southern Lao PDR. Trop Med Health. 2025;53(1):173.
38. Sri-Aroon P, Butraporn P, Limsomboon J, et al. Freshwater mollusks of medical importance in Kalasin Province, northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36(3):653–657.
39. Chai JY, Sohn WM, Na BK, Nguyen VD. Echinostoma revolutum: metacercariae in Filopaludina snails from Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam, and adults from experimental hamsters. Korean J Parasitol. 2011; 49(4):449–455.
40. Chantima K, Chai JY, Wongsawad C. Echinostoma revolutum: freshwater snails as the second intermediate hosts in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(2):183–189.
41. Karamian M, Aldhoun JA, Maraghi S, et al. Parasitological and molecular study of the furcocercariae from Melanoides tuberculata as a probable agent of cercarial dermatitis. Parasitol Res. 2011;108(4):955–962.
42. Kaset C, Eursitthichai V, Vichasri-Grams S, Viyanant V, Grams R. Rapid identification of lymnaeid snails and their infection with Fasciola gigantica in Thailand. Exp Parasitol. 2010;126(4):482–488.
43. Martviset P, Chantree P, Geadkaew-Krenc A, et l. Investigation of Fasciola gigantica in freshwater snail Radix (Lymnaea) spp. In the highly parasite-prevalent area of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2024;12(1):125–133.
44. Devkota R, Budha PB, Gupta R. Trematode cercariae infections in freshwater snails of Chitwan district, central Nepal. Himalayan J Sci. 2011;7(9):9–14.
45. Jayawardena UA, Rajakaruna RS, & Amerasinghe P. Cercariae of trematodes in freshwater snails in three climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio Sci). 2011;39:95–108.
46. Kalat-Meimari M, Shamseddin J, Salahi-Moghaddam A. Ecological and Parasitological Study on Cerithidea cingulata (Gastropoda) in Hormoz Strait Littoral, South of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;13(2):285–292.
47. Marcogliese DJ. Parasites of the superorganism: are they indicators of ecosystem health? Int J Parasitol. 2005;35(7):705–716.
48. McKinney ML. Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems. 2008; 11(2):161–176.
49. Gál B, Szivák I, Heino J, Schmera D. The effect of urbanization on freshwater macroinvertebrates – knowledge gaps and future research directions. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 104:357–364.
50. Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, Saijuntha W, et al. Exceptionally high prevalence of infection of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos with Opisthorchis viverrini cercariae in different wetlands in Thailand and Lao PDR. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 86:464–469.
51. Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, Kopolrat K, et al. Seasonal cercarial emergence patterns of Opisthorchis viverrini infecting Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos from Vientiane Province, Lao PDR. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:551.
52. Laoprom N, Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, et al. Cercarial emergence patterns for Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato infecting Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos from Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2016; 115:3313–3321.
53. Vonghachack Y, Odermatt P, Taisayyavong K, et al. Transmission of Opisthorchis viverrini, Schistosoma mekongi and soil-transmitted helminthes on the Mekong Islands, Southern Lao PDR. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017; 6:131.
2. Keiser J, Utzinger J. Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11:1507–14.
3. Chai JY, Shin EH, Lee SH, Rim HJ. Foodborne intestinal flukes in Southeast Asia. Korean J Parasitol. 2009; 47 Suppl(Suppl):S69-102.
4. Suwannatrai A, Saichua P, Haswell M. Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection. Adv Parasitol. 2018; 101:41–67.
5. Sithithaworn P, Andrews RH, Nguyen VD, et al. The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(1):10–16.
6. Rodpai R, Janwan P, Sadaow L, et al. Current Prevalence of Infection with Opisthorchis viverrini and Intestinal Parasites in Rural Communities in Northeast Thailand Using Stool Examinations and Serological Screening Methods. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2025;113(4):821-826.
7. Laoraksawong P, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, et al. Current high prevalences of Strongyloides stercoralis and Opisthorchis viverrini infections in rural communities in northeast Thailand and associated risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):940.
8. Grundy-Warr C, Andrews RH, Sithithaw-orn P, et al. Raw attitudes, wetland cultures, life-cycles: socio-cultural dynamics relating to Opisthorchis viverrini in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(1):65–70.
9. Aunpromma S, Tangkawattana P, Papirom P, et al. High prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in reservoir hosts in four districts of Khon Kaen Province, an opisthorchiasis endemic area of Thailand. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(1):60–64.
10. Harinasuta C, Harinasuta T. Opisthorchis viverrini: life cycle, intermediate hosts, transmission to man and geographical distribution in Thailand. Arzneimittelforsch-ung. 1984;34(9B):1164–7.
11. Sripa B, Bethony JM, Sithithaworn P, et al. Opisthorchiasis and Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos. Acta Trop. 2011; 120 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S158-68.
12. Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Mulvenna J, et al. The tumorigenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini-multiple pathways to cancer. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(10):395–407.
13. Agrawal MC. Prevalence in final host. In: Agrawal MC, editor. Schistosomes and Schistosomiasis in South Asia. New Delhi: Springer; 2012. pp. 85–121.
14. Krailas D, Namchote S, Komsuwan J, et al. Cercarial dermatitis outbreak caused by ruminant parasite with intermediate snail host: schistosome in Chana, South Thailand. Evol Syst. 2022;6:151–173.
15. Rachprakhon P, Purivirojkul W. Infection status and species diversity of trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from canal networks in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Parasites Hosts Dis. 2024;62(4):461–475.
16. Anucherngchai S, Tejangkura T, Chontananarth T. Epidemiological situation and molecular identification of Cercariael stage in freshwater snails in Chao-Phraya Basin, Central Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2016;6(6):539–545.
17. Olivier L, Schneiderman M. A method for estimating the density of aquatic snail populations. Exp Parasitol. 1956;5(2):109–117.
18. Brandt RAM. The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. German: Waldeman Kramer; 1974.
19. Brown DS. Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis; 1994.
20. Frandsen F, Christensen NO. An introductory guide to the identification of cercariae from African freshwater snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop. 1984;41(2):181–202.
21. Schell SC. How to know the trematode. Iowa: WMC Brown; 1970.
22. Chantima K, Suk-Ueng K, Kampan M. Freshwater snail diversity in Mae Lao agricultural basin (Chiang Rai, Thailand) with a focus on larval trematode infections. Korean J Parasitol. 2018;56(3):247–257.
23. Haruay S, Piratae S. Situation and cercarial infection of freshwater mollusk from Sirindhorn Reservoir, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(3):421–429.
24. Senasri N, Chumnanka N, Sriyasak P. Prevalence of cercarial trematodes in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in catchment areas of Nam Oun Dam, Phang Khon District, Sakon Nakhon Province. Burapha Sci J. 2022;27(3):1852–1871. [in Thai]
25. Bunchom N, Pilap W, Suksavate W, et al. Trematode infection in freshwater snails from Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. Southeast. Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2020;51:518–527.
26. Ardpairin J, Dumidae A, Subkrasae C, et al. Preliminary Survey of Larval Trematodes in Freshwater Snails of Phitsanulok Province in Lower Northern Thailand. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(2):268–276.
27. Kopolrat KY, Sithithaworn P, Kiatsopit N, et al. Population dynamics and diversity of trematode infections in Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in an irrigated area in northeast Thailand. Parasitology. 2022;149(3):407–417.
28. Chontananarth T, Tejangkura T, Wetchasart N, Chimburut C. Morphological Characteristics and Phylogenetic Trends of Trematode Cercariae in Freshwater Snails from Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. 2017;55(1):47–54.
29. Ngern-klun R, Sukontason KL, Tesana S, et al. Field investigation of Bithynia funiculata, intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini in northern Thailand. The Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006;37(4):662–672.
30. Chontananarth T, Wongsawad C. Epidemiology of cercarial stage of trematodes in freshwater snails from Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(3):237–243.
31. Chontananarth T, Wongsawad C. The pleurophocercous cercariae infection in snail Family Thiaridae Grey, 1847 Northern, Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2017;7(4):205–210.
32. Tesana S, Srisawangwong T, Sithithaworn P, et al. Prevalence and intensity of infection with third stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks from Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:983–987.
33. Kim JR, Hayes KA, Yeung NW, Cowie RH. Diverse gastropod hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, globally and with a focus on the Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e94969.
34. Tesana S. Diversity of mollusks in the Lam Ta Khong reservoir, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33(4):733–738.
35. Krailas D, Namchote S, Koonchornboon T, Dechruksa W, Boonmekam D. Trematodes obtained from the thiarid freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) as vector of human infections in Thailand. Zoosyst Evol. 2014; 90:57–86.
36. Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, Kopolrat K, et al. Trematode diversity in the freshwater snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos sensu lato from Thailand and Lao PDR. J Helminthol. 2016;90(3):312–320.
37. Bunchom N, Saijuntha W, Andrews RH, et al. Molecular insights into seasonal trematode infections in Bithynia Snails: host lineages, parasite diversity, and Opisthorchis viverrini susceptibility in southern Lao PDR. Trop Med Health. 2025;53(1):173.
38. Sri-Aroon P, Butraporn P, Limsomboon J, et al. Freshwater mollusks of medical importance in Kalasin Province, northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36(3):653–657.
39. Chai JY, Sohn WM, Na BK, Nguyen VD. Echinostoma revolutum: metacercariae in Filopaludina snails from Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam, and adults from experimental hamsters. Korean J Parasitol. 2011; 49(4):449–455.
40. Chantima K, Chai JY, Wongsawad C. Echinostoma revolutum: freshwater snails as the second intermediate hosts in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(2):183–189.
41. Karamian M, Aldhoun JA, Maraghi S, et al. Parasitological and molecular study of the furcocercariae from Melanoides tuberculata as a probable agent of cercarial dermatitis. Parasitol Res. 2011;108(4):955–962.
42. Kaset C, Eursitthichai V, Vichasri-Grams S, Viyanant V, Grams R. Rapid identification of lymnaeid snails and their infection with Fasciola gigantica in Thailand. Exp Parasitol. 2010;126(4):482–488.
43. Martviset P, Chantree P, Geadkaew-Krenc A, et l. Investigation of Fasciola gigantica in freshwater snail Radix (Lymnaea) spp. In the highly parasite-prevalent area of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2024;12(1):125–133.
44. Devkota R, Budha PB, Gupta R. Trematode cercariae infections in freshwater snails of Chitwan district, central Nepal. Himalayan J Sci. 2011;7(9):9–14.
45. Jayawardena UA, Rajakaruna RS, & Amerasinghe P. Cercariae of trematodes in freshwater snails in three climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio Sci). 2011;39:95–108.
46. Kalat-Meimari M, Shamseddin J, Salahi-Moghaddam A. Ecological and Parasitological Study on Cerithidea cingulata (Gastropoda) in Hormoz Strait Littoral, South of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;13(2):285–292.
47. Marcogliese DJ. Parasites of the superorganism: are they indicators of ecosystem health? Int J Parasitol. 2005;35(7):705–716.
48. McKinney ML. Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems. 2008; 11(2):161–176.
49. Gál B, Szivák I, Heino J, Schmera D. The effect of urbanization on freshwater macroinvertebrates – knowledge gaps and future research directions. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 104:357–364.
50. Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, Saijuntha W, et al. Exceptionally high prevalence of infection of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos with Opisthorchis viverrini cercariae in different wetlands in Thailand and Lao PDR. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012; 86:464–469.
51. Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, Kopolrat K, et al. Seasonal cercarial emergence patterns of Opisthorchis viverrini infecting Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos from Vientiane Province, Lao PDR. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:551.
52. Laoprom N, Kiatsopit N, Sithithaworn P, et al. Cercarial emergence patterns for Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato infecting Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos from Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2016; 115:3313–3321.
53. Vonghachack Y, Odermatt P, Taisayyavong K, et al. Transmission of Opisthorchis viverrini, Schistosoma mekongi and soil-transmitted helminthes on the Mekong Islands, Southern Lao PDR. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017; 6:131.
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How to Cite
1.
Jaroenchaiwattanachote C, Kullawat J, Thanchomnang T, Piratae S, Homwutthiwong K, Saijuntha W, Kuasit T. Cercarial Trematode Infections in Freshwater Snails of Maha Sarakham Province, Northeast Thailand. Iran J Parasitol. 2026;21(3):398-408.
