The Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Children in Abougoudam and Chokoyan in Ouaddaï, Chad
-
Mahamat Hassan Abdel-Aziz
,
Djamaladine Mahamat Doungus
,
Ahmota Romain Daiba
,
Abdel-Mahamoud Adam
,
Hamit Mahamat Alio
Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent global parasitic endemic, following malaria. It is caused by trematodes of the Schistosoma genus. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of urinary schistosomiasis and the associated risk factors in educational institutions.
Methods: The investigation was conducted in two primary schools in Abougoudam and Chokoyan City, Chad from December 2021 to February 2022. Parasitological analyses were performed at the laboratory of Abeche Provincial Hospital and Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory of National Higher Institute of Science and Techniques of Abeche (INSTA) in Chad. In the study 273 scholars, namely 136 males (49.82%) and 137 girls (50.18%), from two primary schools in two localities, were enrolled.
Results: The overall prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium was 42.86%. Boys had a prevalence of 44.85%, while females had a prevalence of 40.88% (P>0.05). The prevalence in the Chokoyan locality was 53.38%, while it was 32.86% in the Abougoudam locality (P<0.05). The prevalence of pupils in the [5-10] age group was 29.73%, while that of the [11-15] age group was 51.85% (P<0.05). 100% of the pupils who were afflicted were administered 40 mg/kg praziquentel.
Conclusion: S. haematobium is present in both localities; therefore, health education campaigns should be implemented to prevent the onset of this parasitosis and to facilitate the establishment of a national program to combat helminthiasis. S. haematobium bilharziasis continues to be a significant public health issue in Chad.
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4. Clements AC, Garba A, Sacko M, et al. Mapping the Probability of Schistosomiasis and Associated Uncertainty, West Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 ; 14 (10): 1629-32
5. Aubry P, Gaüzère BA. Schistosomoses ou bilharzioses. Medecine Trop. 2018 ; 8(7) :1-8.
6. Aubry P, Gaüzère BA. Schistosomoses ou bilharzioses. Actualités 2023. Médecine Trop. 2024 ; 10pages. Available from : www.medecinetropicale.com
7. Lalaye D, de Bruijn ME, de Jong TP. Impact of a mobile health system on the suppression of Schistosoma haematobium in Chad. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;105(4):1104-1108.
8. Hamit MA, Fombotioh N, Issa RA, et al. Epidemiological profile of urinary schistosomiasis in three primary schools in the city of N’Djamena (Chad). European J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2020; 7:242-246.
9. Moser W, Batil AA, Ott R, et al. High prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in a desert population: Results from an exploratory study around the Ounianga lakes in Chad. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022; 11(1):1-5.
10. Abdel-Aziz MH, Alio HM, Samafou K, et al. Preliminary Data on the Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Children in Abeche Commune, Eastern Chad. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2024; 15: 507.
11. Visclosky T, Hashikawa A, Kroner E. Discovery of a hidden schistosomiasis endemic in the Salamat region of Chad, Africa. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2022 ; 10(1): e2000703.
12. INSEED. Le Deuxième Recensement Général De La Population Et De L’habitat (RGPH2) de 2009. Institut Nationale de la Statistique des Etudes Economiques et Démographique. 2010 ; 235.
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15. WHO. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, Technical Report Series No 912, WHO, 2012, Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-TRS-912
16. Chelsea M, William APJ. Schistosomiase : actualités. Revue Médicale Tropicale, 2021 ; 81(2) : 145-152.
17. WHO. Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. p. 1–69.
18. Bagayan M, Zongo D, Savadogo B, et al. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in school in a suburban área in Ouagadougou : case of Yamtenga (Burkina Faso). Science et technique, Sciences de la santé. 2014 ; 37(1 et 2) : 93-100
19. Kiki-barro PCM, Kassi FK, Konate A, et al. Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthiasis Among Primary School Children in San-Pedro, South-West, Cote d’Ivoire. Rev int sc méd -RISM-2017;19,3:173-178.
20. El-Moustapha A, El-kettani S. [Prevalence of helminths in a rural population using wastewater for agricultural purposes at Settat (Morocco)]. Santé. Sante; 16 (4): 245-51.
21. Stephane S, Oga Agbaya, Yavo W, et al. Helminthiases intestinales chez les enfants d’âge scolaire : résultats préliminaires d’une étude prospective à Agboville dans le sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones / Santé. 2004 ; 14 (3) : 143 – 147.
22. Ibikounlé M, Gbédjissi LG, Ogouyèmi-hounto A, et al. [Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among schoolchildren of Nikki and Pèrèrè, two northeastern towns of Benin]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2014; 107(1): 171-6.
23. Green AE, Anchang-Kimbi JK, et al. Distribution and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District, a semi-urban setting, South West region, Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021; 10 (1): 49.
24. Sumbele IUN, Tabi DB, The RN, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis burden in school‑aged children in Tiko, Cameroon: a cross‑sectional study on prevalence, intensity, knowledge and risk factors. Trop Med Health. 2021; 49 (1): 75.
25. Ibikounlé M, Satoguina J, Fachinan R, et al. Epidémiology Epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among schoolchildren of Lake Nokoue areas of Sô-Ava, south Benin. J Appl Biosci. 2013; 70 : 5632-5639
26. Bintou LY, Sodio B, Sacko M. Persistance de la schistosomiase urinaire en zones endémiques soumises aux traitements de masse répétés au Mali. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2019 ;13(1):369-381.
27. Saotoing P, Tsakwat V, Njan Nlôga AM. Prévalences des parasitoses intestinales et urinaires chez les populations riveraines du petit barrage de retenue d’eau de Mokolo, Région de l’Extrême-Nord Cameroun. J Appl Biosci. 2019; 140 : 14215-14226.
28. Faith FF, Luke EE, Joy TF. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 11 (1): 95-104.
29. Amollo DA, Kihara JH, Kombe Y, Karanja SM. Prevalence and intensity of single and mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in primary school children in Rachuonyo north district, Homabay county, western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2013; 90(2): 36-44.
30. N’Gbesso JPN, N’Guessan NA, Assaré RK, et al. Epidémiologie de la schistosomose dans la localité d’Ahoué au Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 2017; 21(3): 378-387.
31. Sulieman Y, Eltayeb RE, Pengsakul T, et al. Epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in the Alsaial Alsagair Village, River Nile State, Sudan. Iran J Parasitol. 2017; 12(2): 284-291.
32. Opara KN, Wilson EU, Yaro CA, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and coinfection of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Primary School Children in Biase, Southern Nigeria. J Parasitol Res. 2021; 2021:6618394.
33. Poda JN, Parent G, Sondo KB. Evolution récente des schistosomoses dans le complexe hydroagricole du Sourou au Burkina Faso. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2004; 97 (1): 15-18
34. Adoubryn KD, Ouhon J, Yapo CG, et al. Profil épidémiologique des schistosomoses chez les enfants d’âge scolaire dans la région de l’Agnéby (sud-est de la Côte-d’Ivoire). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2006 ; 99(1) : 28-31.
35. Atalabi TE, Lawal U, Ipinlaye SJ. Prevalence and intensity of genito-urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among junior high school students in two local government areas around Zobe Dam in Katsina State, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors. 2016; 9 (1): 388.
2. WHO. Ultrasound in schistosomiasis. A practical guide to the standardized use of ultrasonography for the assessment of schistosomiasis-related morbidity. Second international workshop, 1996TDR/STR/SCH/00.1, 35p. Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/0ed98be4-ef9c-4a78-bb03-87728f3eb08e/content
3. Traore M, Landouré A, Diarra A, et al. La diversité écologique et épidémiologique des schistosomiases au Mali : implication pour un programme de contrôle. Mali Medical. 2007; Tome XXII, 3: 22-28.
4. Clements AC, Garba A, Sacko M, et al. Mapping the Probability of Schistosomiasis and Associated Uncertainty, West Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 ; 14 (10): 1629-32
5. Aubry P, Gaüzère BA. Schistosomoses ou bilharzioses. Medecine Trop. 2018 ; 8(7) :1-8.
6. Aubry P, Gaüzère BA. Schistosomoses ou bilharzioses. Actualités 2023. Médecine Trop. 2024 ; 10pages. Available from : www.medecinetropicale.com
7. Lalaye D, de Bruijn ME, de Jong TP. Impact of a mobile health system on the suppression of Schistosoma haematobium in Chad. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;105(4):1104-1108.
8. Hamit MA, Fombotioh N, Issa RA, et al. Epidemiological profile of urinary schistosomiasis in three primary schools in the city of N’Djamena (Chad). European J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2020; 7:242-246.
9. Moser W, Batil AA, Ott R, et al. High prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in a desert population: Results from an exploratory study around the Ounianga lakes in Chad. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022; 11(1):1-5.
10. Abdel-Aziz MH, Alio HM, Samafou K, et al. Preliminary Data on the Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Children in Abeche Commune, Eastern Chad. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2024; 15: 507.
11. Visclosky T, Hashikawa A, Kroner E. Discovery of a hidden schistosomiasis endemic in the Salamat region of Chad, Africa. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2022 ; 10(1): e2000703.
12. INSEED. Le Deuxième Recensement Général De La Population Et De L’habitat (RGPH2) de 2009. Institut Nationale de la Statistique des Etudes Economiques et Démographique. 2010 ; 235.
13. Zoung-kanyi BAC, Ndié J, Eloundou OGC, et al. Analyse conjointe du paysage des interventions des programmes wash et de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées au cameroun. Rapport_final _2019. 132p. Available from: https://cdnss.minsante.cm/sites/default/files/Rapport_WASH-MTN_DROS_draft_23_12_19.pdf
14. WHO. Monitoring helminth control program: guidelines for monitoring the impact of control programs aimed at reducing morbidity caused by soil transmitted helminthes and schistosomes, with particular reference to school-age children, WHO, 1999, Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66082
15. WHO. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, Technical Report Series No 912, WHO, 2012, Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-TRS-912
16. Chelsea M, William APJ. Schistosomiase : actualités. Revue Médicale Tropicale, 2021 ; 81(2) : 145-152.
17. WHO. Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. p. 1–69.
18. Bagayan M, Zongo D, Savadogo B, et al. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in school in a suburban área in Ouagadougou : case of Yamtenga (Burkina Faso). Science et technique, Sciences de la santé. 2014 ; 37(1 et 2) : 93-100
19. Kiki-barro PCM, Kassi FK, Konate A, et al. Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthiasis Among Primary School Children in San-Pedro, South-West, Cote d’Ivoire. Rev int sc méd -RISM-2017;19,3:173-178.
20. El-Moustapha A, El-kettani S. [Prevalence of helminths in a rural population using wastewater for agricultural purposes at Settat (Morocco)]. Santé. Sante; 16 (4): 245-51.
21. Stephane S, Oga Agbaya, Yavo W, et al. Helminthiases intestinales chez les enfants d’âge scolaire : résultats préliminaires d’une étude prospective à Agboville dans le sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers d'études et de recherches francophones / Santé. 2004 ; 14 (3) : 143 – 147.
22. Ibikounlé M, Gbédjissi LG, Ogouyèmi-hounto A, et al. [Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among schoolchildren of Nikki and Pèrèrè, two northeastern towns of Benin]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2014; 107(1): 171-6.
23. Green AE, Anchang-Kimbi JK, et al. Distribution and factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District, a semi-urban setting, South West region, Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021; 10 (1): 49.
24. Sumbele IUN, Tabi DB, The RN, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis burden in school‑aged children in Tiko, Cameroon: a cross‑sectional study on prevalence, intensity, knowledge and risk factors. Trop Med Health. 2021; 49 (1): 75.
25. Ibikounlé M, Satoguina J, Fachinan R, et al. Epidémiology Epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among schoolchildren of Lake Nokoue areas of Sô-Ava, south Benin. J Appl Biosci. 2013; 70 : 5632-5639
26. Bintou LY, Sodio B, Sacko M. Persistance de la schistosomiase urinaire en zones endémiques soumises aux traitements de masse répétés au Mali. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2019 ;13(1):369-381.
27. Saotoing P, Tsakwat V, Njan Nlôga AM. Prévalences des parasitoses intestinales et urinaires chez les populations riveraines du petit barrage de retenue d’eau de Mokolo, Région de l’Extrême-Nord Cameroun. J Appl Biosci. 2019; 140 : 14215-14226.
28. Faith FF, Luke EE, Joy TF. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 11 (1): 95-104.
29. Amollo DA, Kihara JH, Kombe Y, Karanja SM. Prevalence and intensity of single and mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in primary school children in Rachuonyo north district, Homabay county, western Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2013; 90(2): 36-44.
30. N’Gbesso JPN, N’Guessan NA, Assaré RK, et al. Epidémiologie de la schistosomose dans la localité d’Ahoué au Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. 2017; 21(3): 378-387.
31. Sulieman Y, Eltayeb RE, Pengsakul T, et al. Epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in the Alsaial Alsagair Village, River Nile State, Sudan. Iran J Parasitol. 2017; 12(2): 284-291.
32. Opara KN, Wilson EU, Yaro CA, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and coinfection of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among Primary School Children in Biase, Southern Nigeria. J Parasitol Res. 2021; 2021:6618394.
33. Poda JN, Parent G, Sondo KB. Evolution récente des schistosomoses dans le complexe hydroagricole du Sourou au Burkina Faso. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2004; 97 (1): 15-18
34. Adoubryn KD, Ouhon J, Yapo CG, et al. Profil épidémiologique des schistosomoses chez les enfants d’âge scolaire dans la région de l’Agnéby (sud-est de la Côte-d’Ivoire). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2006 ; 99(1) : 28-31.
35. Atalabi TE, Lawal U, Ipinlaye SJ. Prevalence and intensity of genito-urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among junior high school students in two local government areas around Zobe Dam in Katsina State, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors. 2016; 9 (1): 388.
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How to Cite
1.
Abdel-Aziz M, Doungus D, Daiba A, Adam A-M, Alio H. The Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Children in Abougoudam and Chokoyan in Ouaddaï, Chad. Iran J Parasitol. 2025;20(4):544-552.
