Effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in Reducing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Military Personnel in Isfahan Province, Central Part of Iran
-
Mohammad Saneian
,
Mohammad Barati
,
Seyyed-Javad Hosseini-Shokouh
,
Arasb Dabbagh-Moghaddam
,
Mehdi Mohebali
,
Zahra Mirabedini
Abstract
Background: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in reducing the incidence of Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) among military personnel in Isfahan Province, Iran.
Methods: The ATSB solution was prepared and applied to vegetation located approximately 500 meters from residential areas to target and eliminate sand fly vectors. Clinical samples were subsequently collected from individuals with suspected CL. The number of CL new cases among military personnel in 2022 was compared with collected historical data from 2012 to 2021, including the number of CL new cases, demographic characteristics, and seasonal incidence patterns. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to assess whether the intervention led to a significant reduction in disease occurrence.
Results: Following the application of ATSB, the new cases of CL among military personnel decreased from an average of 196 cases per year (2012–2021) to 55 cases in 2022. Seasonal analysis revealed a decline across all seasons, with the most notable reduction observed in autumn. Demographic analysis showed reductions in both male and female groups. However, statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated that the observed differences before and after the intervention were not statistically significant (P=0.087).
Conclusion: Despite a decline in CL case numbers in the studied areas, the reduction following ATSB application was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, ATSB may serve as a promising complementary approach for controlling CL in endemic regions. Further studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are recommended to validate its effectiveness.
1. Depaquit J, Grandadam M, Fouque F, Andry P, Peyrefitte C. Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies in europe: A review. Euro Surveill. 2010; 15(10):19507.
2. WHO. Leishmaniasis. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
3. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e35671.
4. Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet. 2005;366:1561-1577.
5. Pouresmaeiliyan S, Sharifi I, Aflatoniyan M, et al. A new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in dehbakry region of bam district, southeastern Iran 2008. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2010;16:15-24.
6. Sabzevari S, Teshnizi SH, Shokri A, Bahrami F, Kouhestani F. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2021;152:104721.
7. Pakzad R, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Mohebali M, Safiri S, Barati M. Spatio-temporal analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using geographic information system among Iranian army units and its comparison with the general population of Iran during 2005-2014. J Parasit Dis. 2017;41:1114-1122.
8. Ayubi E, Barati M, Dabbagh Moghaddam A, Reza Khoshdel A. Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian army units during 2014-2017 using a hierarchical bayesian method and the spatial scan statistic. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018032.
9. Ramezankhani R, Sajjadi N, Nezakati esmaeilzadeh R, et al. Climate and environmental factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25:11516-11526.
10. Nili S, Khanjani N, Jahani Y, Bakhtiari B, Sapkota A, Moradi G. The effect of climate variables on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, central Iran. Int J Biometeorol. 2021;65:1787-1797.
11. Tadayonfar R, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Barati M, et al. Analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis among military personnel in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A spatiotemporal study between 2018 and 2022, trend forecasting based on arima model. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24:1310.
12. Ebrahiminejad H, Sobati H. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in military areas of Iran and middle east and its prevention, diagnosis and treatment methods-narrative review. Journal of Military Medicine. 2019;21:436-454.
13. Alexander B, Jaramillo C, Usma M, Quesada B, Cadena H, Roa W, Travi B. An attempt to control phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) by residual spraying with deltamethrin in a Colombian village. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1995;90:421-424.
14. Alexander B, Maroli M. Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17:1-18.
15. Orshan L, Szekely D, Schnur H, et al. Attempts to control sand flies by insecticide-sprayed strips along the periphery of a village. J Vector Ecol. 2006;31:113-117.
16. Schlein Y, Müller GC. Experimental control of Phlebotomus papatasi by spraying attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) on vegetation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:766-771.
17. Joshi A, Bhatt L, Regmi S, Ashford R. An assessment of the effectiveness of insecticide spray in the control of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Journal of the Nepal Health Research Council. 2003;1:1-6.
18. Schlein Y, Jacobson RL, Müller GC. Sand fly feeding on noxious plants: A potential method for the control of leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:300-303.
19. Abbas AA, Hassan V, Iraj S, et al. First determination of impact and outcome indicators following indoor residual spraying (irs) with deltamethrin in a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2013;3:5-9.
20. Sharma U, Singh S. Insect vectors of leishmania: Distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008;45:255-272.
21. Müller GC, Schlein Y. Efficacy of toxic sugar baits against adult cistern-dwelling anopheles claviger. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:480-484.
22. Müller G, Junnila A, Schlein Y. Effective control of adult culex pipiens by spraying an attractive toxic sugar bait solution in the vegetation near larval habitats. J Med Entomol. 2010;47:63-66.
23. Beier JC, Müller GC, Gu W, Arheart KL, Schlein Y. Attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) methods decimate populations of anopheles malaria vectors in arid environments regardless of the local availability of favoured sugar-source blossoms. Malar J. 2012;11:31.
24. Müller GC, Schlein Y. Different methods of using attractive sugar baits (atsb) for the control of phlebotomus papatasi. J Vector Ecol. 2011; 36 Suppl 1:S64-70.
25. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani A, et al. Sand fly surveillance within an emerging epidemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2010; 4(1):17-23
26. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al. Control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis vector, Phlebotomus papatasi, using attractive toxic sugar baits (atsb). PLoS One. 2017;12:e0173558.
27. Meeting WECotCotL, Organization WH. Control of the leishmaniases: Report of a meeting of the who expert committee on the control of leishmaniases, geneva, 22-26 march 2010. World Health Organization; 2010.
28. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M. Phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on leishmania transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2012;6:1-17.
29. Amóra SS, Bevilaqua CM, Feijó F, Alves ND, Maciel MdV. Control of phlebotomine (diptera: Psychodidae) leishmaniasis vectors. Neotrop Entomol. 2009;38:303-310.
30. Emami MM, Yazdi M, Bashardoust N. Impact of olyset long lasting nets to control transmission of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 2009; 15 (5): 1075-1083.
31. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, et al. Baseline susceptibility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: Psychodidae) to ddt and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran . Pest Manag Sci. 2012;68:669-675.
32. Müller G, Schlein Y. Nectar and honeydew feeding of phlebotomus papatasi in a focus of Leishmania major in neot hakikar oasis. J Vector Ecol. 2004;29:154-158.
33. Schlein Y, Muller G. Assessment of plant tissue feeding by sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) and mosquitoes (diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1995;32:882-887.
34. Foster WA. Phytochemicals as population sampling lures. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24:138-146.
35. VAN H, JS H, CW H. The sugars of some florida nectars. 1972.
36. Ng'ang'a ZW, Mong’are S, Ngumbi P, Ingonga J, Ngure P. Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of sand fly traps with different baits. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2015; 10:16-24.
37. Müller GC, Beier JC, Traore SF, et al. Successful field trial of attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) plant-spraying methods against malaria vectors in the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Malar J. 2010; 9:210.
38. Naranjo DP, Qualls WA, Müller GC, et al. Evaluation of boric acid sugar baits against Aedes albopictus (diptera: Culicidae) in tropical environments. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:1583-1587.
39. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al. Evaluation of different attractive traps for capturing sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of leishmaniasis, southeast of Iran . J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2020; 14(2):202-213.
2. WHO. Leishmaniasis. 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
3. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5):e35671.
4. Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG. Advances in leishmaniasis. Lancet. 2005;366:1561-1577.
5. Pouresmaeiliyan S, Sharifi I, Aflatoniyan M, et al. A new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in dehbakry region of bam district, southeastern Iran 2008. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2010;16:15-24.
6. Sabzevari S, Teshnizi SH, Shokri A, Bahrami F, Kouhestani F. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2021;152:104721.
7. Pakzad R, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Mohebali M, Safiri S, Barati M. Spatio-temporal analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using geographic information system among Iranian army units and its comparison with the general population of Iran during 2005-2014. J Parasit Dis. 2017;41:1114-1122.
8. Ayubi E, Barati M, Dabbagh Moghaddam A, Reza Khoshdel A. Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian army units during 2014-2017 using a hierarchical bayesian method and the spatial scan statistic. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018032.
9. Ramezankhani R, Sajjadi N, Nezakati esmaeilzadeh R, et al. Climate and environmental factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25:11516-11526.
10. Nili S, Khanjani N, Jahani Y, Bakhtiari B, Sapkota A, Moradi G. The effect of climate variables on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, central Iran. Int J Biometeorol. 2021;65:1787-1797.
11. Tadayonfar R, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Barati M, et al. Analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis among military personnel in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A spatiotemporal study between 2018 and 2022, trend forecasting based on arima model. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24:1310.
12. Ebrahiminejad H, Sobati H. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in military areas of Iran and middle east and its prevention, diagnosis and treatment methods-narrative review. Journal of Military Medicine. 2019;21:436-454.
13. Alexander B, Jaramillo C, Usma M, Quesada B, Cadena H, Roa W, Travi B. An attempt to control phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) by residual spraying with deltamethrin in a Colombian village. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1995;90:421-424.
14. Alexander B, Maroli M. Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17:1-18.
15. Orshan L, Szekely D, Schnur H, et al. Attempts to control sand flies by insecticide-sprayed strips along the periphery of a village. J Vector Ecol. 2006;31:113-117.
16. Schlein Y, Müller GC. Experimental control of Phlebotomus papatasi by spraying attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) on vegetation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:766-771.
17. Joshi A, Bhatt L, Regmi S, Ashford R. An assessment of the effectiveness of insecticide spray in the control of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. Journal of the Nepal Health Research Council. 2003;1:1-6.
18. Schlein Y, Jacobson RL, Müller GC. Sand fly feeding on noxious plants: A potential method for the control of leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:300-303.
19. Abbas AA, Hassan V, Iraj S, et al. First determination of impact and outcome indicators following indoor residual spraying (irs) with deltamethrin in a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2013;3:5-9.
20. Sharma U, Singh S. Insect vectors of leishmania: Distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008;45:255-272.
21. Müller GC, Schlein Y. Efficacy of toxic sugar baits against adult cistern-dwelling anopheles claviger. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:480-484.
22. Müller G, Junnila A, Schlein Y. Effective control of adult culex pipiens by spraying an attractive toxic sugar bait solution in the vegetation near larval habitats. J Med Entomol. 2010;47:63-66.
23. Beier JC, Müller GC, Gu W, Arheart KL, Schlein Y. Attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) methods decimate populations of anopheles malaria vectors in arid environments regardless of the local availability of favoured sugar-source blossoms. Malar J. 2012;11:31.
24. Müller GC, Schlein Y. Different methods of using attractive sugar baits (atsb) for the control of phlebotomus papatasi. J Vector Ecol. 2011; 36 Suppl 1:S64-70.
25. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani A, et al. Sand fly surveillance within an emerging epidemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2010; 4(1):17-23
26. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al. Control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis vector, Phlebotomus papatasi, using attractive toxic sugar baits (atsb). PLoS One. 2017;12:e0173558.
27. Meeting WECotCotL, Organization WH. Control of the leishmaniases: Report of a meeting of the who expert committee on the control of leishmaniases, geneva, 22-26 march 2010. World Health Organization; 2010.
28. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M. Phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on leishmania transmission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2012;6:1-17.
29. Amóra SS, Bevilaqua CM, Feijó F, Alves ND, Maciel MdV. Control of phlebotomine (diptera: Psychodidae) leishmaniasis vectors. Neotrop Entomol. 2009;38:303-310.
30. Emami MM, Yazdi M, Bashardoust N. Impact of olyset long lasting nets to control transmission of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 2009; 15 (5): 1075-1083.
31. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, et al. Baseline susceptibility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: Psychodidae) to ddt and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran . Pest Manag Sci. 2012;68:669-675.
32. Müller G, Schlein Y. Nectar and honeydew feeding of phlebotomus papatasi in a focus of Leishmania major in neot hakikar oasis. J Vector Ecol. 2004;29:154-158.
33. Schlein Y, Muller G. Assessment of plant tissue feeding by sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) and mosquitoes (diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1995;32:882-887.
34. Foster WA. Phytochemicals as population sampling lures. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24:138-146.
35. VAN H, JS H, CW H. The sugars of some florida nectars. 1972.
36. Ng'ang'a ZW, Mong’are S, Ngumbi P, Ingonga J, Ngure P. Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of sand fly traps with different baits. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2015; 10:16-24.
37. Müller GC, Beier JC, Traore SF, et al. Successful field trial of attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) plant-spraying methods against malaria vectors in the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Malar J. 2010; 9:210.
38. Naranjo DP, Qualls WA, Müller GC, et al. Evaluation of boric acid sugar baits against Aedes albopictus (diptera: Culicidae) in tropical environments. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:1583-1587.
39. Yousefi S, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al. Evaluation of different attractive traps for capturing sand flies (diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of leishmaniasis, southeast of Iran . J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2020; 14(2):202-213.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Attractive toxic sugar baits Iran Human | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Saneian M, Barati M, Hosseini-Shokouh S-J, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Mohebali M, Mirabedini Z. Effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in Reducing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Military Personnel in Isfahan Province, Central Part of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2025;20(3):337-345.
