Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia in Patients with Intellectual Disabilities in Rehabilitation Centers of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran
Abstract
Background: The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of intestinal microsporidia in patients with intellectual disabilities in the rehabilitation centers of Hormozgan Province in south of Iran, using microscopic and molecular methods.
Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 stool samples obtained from patients with intellectual disabilities. Acid-fast trichrome staining was used to detect parasites. Moreover, all of the stool samples were assessed for the presence of microsporidia DNA by the PCR method.
Results: The mean age of the subjects was 29 (±12.3) years. All stool samples were examined for microsporidia infection, and only one case of Enterocytozoon was detected in one of the samples. The results of the nested-PCR test on 119 stool samples showed one case of infection with Enterocytozoon bieneusi, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.84%. The nested-PCR test for Encephalitozoon intestinalis detected no infections in any of the stool samples.
Conclusion: The overall prevalence of microsporidia among patients with intellectual disabilities in Hormozgan rehabilitation centers is low and limited to E. bieneusi.
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2. Bantar C, Herrera F, Didier E, et al. Diarrhea due to microsporidia in a patient with AIDS. Medicina (B Aires). 1995;55(6):685-688.
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8. Li W, Feng Y, Xiao L. Diagnosis and molecular typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi: the significant role of domestic animals in transmission of human microsporidiosis. Res Vet Sci. 2020;133:251-261.
9. Ghoyounchi R, Ahmadpour E, Spotin A, et al. Microsporidiosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017;10(4):341-350.
10. Hassan N-A, Lim YA, Mahmud R, et al. Molecular diagnosis of microsporidia among immunocompromised patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(6):1562-1566.
11. Garcia LS. Laboratory identification of the microsporidia. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(6):1892-1901.
12. Gatti S, Lopes R, Cevini C, et al. Intestinal parasitic infections in an institution for the mentally retarded. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2000;94(5):453-460.
13. Agmas A, Alemu G, Hailu T. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated factors among psychiatric patients attending Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med. 2021; 12:51-61.
14. Abbaszadeh Afshar MJ, Mohebali M, Mohtasebi S, et al. Intestinal parasites among intellectually disabled individuals in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Pathog. 2021;13(1):28.
15. Fournier S, Dubrou S, Liguory O, et al. Detection of microsporidia, cryptosporidia and Giardia in swimming pools: a one-year prospective study. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002;33(3):209-213.
16. Mohammadpour I, Bozorg-Ghalati F, Motazedian MH. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia and Cryptosporidium spp. in patients with multiple bowel biopsies from Fars Province, Iran. Ann Parasitol. 2016; 62(4):321-330.
17. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111-120.
18. Ahmadi B, Sarvi S, Keihanian S, et al. Microscopic and molecular investigation of intestinal microsporidia in HIV+/AIDS and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2023;68(3):690-698.
19. Tappeh Kh H, Mohammadzadeh H, Rahim RN, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among mentally disabled children and adults of Urmia, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2010;5(2):60-64.
20. Nooshadokht M, Sharifi I, Mohammadi MA, et al. Intestinal microsporidiosis in Iran: infection in immune-compromised and immunocompetent patients. Curr Med Mycol. 2017;3(1):30-36.
21. Tavalla M, Mardani-Kateki M, Abdizadeh R, et al. Molecular identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in immunodeficient patients in Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran. Acta Trop. 2017;172:107-112.
22. Yu F, Wu Y, Li T, et al. High prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi zoonotic genotype D in captive golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in zoos in China. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):158.
23. Bryan RT. Microsporidiosis as an AIDS-related opportunistic infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21 Suppl 1:S62-5.
2. Bantar C, Herrera F, Didier E, et al. Diarrhea due to microsporidia in a patient with AIDS. Medicina (B Aires). 1995;55(6):685-688.
3. Calik S, Karaman U, Colak C. Prevalence of and other intestinal parasites in children from Malatya, Turkey. Indian J Microbiol. 2011;51:345-349.
4. Calvo M, Carazo M, Arias ML, et al. Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp, microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in fresh fruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2004;54(4):428-432.
5. Seatamanoch N, Kongdachalert S, Sunantaraporn S, et al. Microsporidia, a highly Adaptive organism and its host expansion to humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:924007.
6. Agholi M, Hatam GR, Motazedian MH. HIV/AIDS-associated opportunistic protozoal diarrhea. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(1):35-41.
7. Mirjalali H, Mohebali M, Mirhendi H, et al. Emerging intestinal microsporidia infection in HIV+/AIDS patients in Iran: microscopic and molecular detection. Iran J Parasitol. 2014;9(2):149-54.
8. Li W, Feng Y, Xiao L. Diagnosis and molecular typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi: the significant role of domestic animals in transmission of human microsporidiosis. Res Vet Sci. 2020;133:251-261.
9. Ghoyounchi R, Ahmadpour E, Spotin A, et al. Microsporidiosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017;10(4):341-350.
10. Hassan N-A, Lim YA, Mahmud R, et al. Molecular diagnosis of microsporidia among immunocompromised patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(6):1562-1566.
11. Garcia LS. Laboratory identification of the microsporidia. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(6):1892-1901.
12. Gatti S, Lopes R, Cevini C, et al. Intestinal parasitic infections in an institution for the mentally retarded. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2000;94(5):453-460.
13. Agmas A, Alemu G, Hailu T. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated factors among psychiatric patients attending Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med. 2021; 12:51-61.
14. Abbaszadeh Afshar MJ, Mohebali M, Mohtasebi S, et al. Intestinal parasites among intellectually disabled individuals in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Pathog. 2021;13(1):28.
15. Fournier S, Dubrou S, Liguory O, et al. Detection of microsporidia, cryptosporidia and Giardia in swimming pools: a one-year prospective study. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002;33(3):209-213.
16. Mohammadpour I, Bozorg-Ghalati F, Motazedian MH. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of microsporidia and Cryptosporidium spp. in patients with multiple bowel biopsies from Fars Province, Iran. Ann Parasitol. 2016; 62(4):321-330.
17. Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111-120.
18. Ahmadi B, Sarvi S, Keihanian S, et al. Microscopic and molecular investigation of intestinal microsporidia in HIV+/AIDS and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2023;68(3):690-698.
19. Tappeh Kh H, Mohammadzadeh H, Rahim RN, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among mentally disabled children and adults of Urmia, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2010;5(2):60-64.
20. Nooshadokht M, Sharifi I, Mohammadi MA, et al. Intestinal microsporidiosis in Iran: infection in immune-compromised and immunocompetent patients. Curr Med Mycol. 2017;3(1):30-36.
21. Tavalla M, Mardani-Kateki M, Abdizadeh R, et al. Molecular identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in immunodeficient patients in Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran. Acta Trop. 2017;172:107-112.
22. Yu F, Wu Y, Li T, et al. High prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi zoonotic genotype D in captive golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) in zoos in China. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):158.
23. Bryan RT. Microsporidiosis as an AIDS-related opportunistic infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21 Suppl 1:S62-5.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 2 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Prevalence Microsporidiosis Enterocytozoon bieneusi Intellectual disabili-ties Iran Nested-PCR | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Kamrani F, Omidian M, Turki H, Agholi M, Sarkari B. Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia in Patients with Intellectual Disabilities in Rehabilitation Centers of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2025;20(2):236-244.
