Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil Loaded Solid Lipid Nano-Particle and Its Protoscolicidal Effects
-
Zahra Hesari
,
Vida Farahnak
,
Keyhan Ashrafi
,
Zahra Atrkar Roushan
,
Behnaz Rahmati
,
Sara Nemati
,
Meysam Sharifdini
Abstract
Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered as a neglected disease that imposes noticeable medical and economic challenges worldwide. Cinnamon oil (CO) has demonstrated potent antimicrobial effects even on hydatid cysts protoscoleces. We aimed to synthesize cinnamon oil- loaded Solid lipid nanoparticles (CO-SLNs) and to evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of this formulation.
Methods: CO-SLNs were prepared using an emulsification, probe sonication technique, incorporating natural lipids (cholesterol and lecithin). SLNs were evaluated based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, electron microscopy, encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and cell compatibility (MTT assay), etc. The scolicidal activity was assessed using the eosin exclusion test (eosin 0.1%) at concentrations of 0.5, 1,2,4 and 8 mg/ml of CO and CO-SLNs for time intervals of 10, 20, 60, 120 and 180 minutes and 24 h.
Results: Characterization of the CO-SLNs showed an average size of 337.6 nm with PDI 0.77 and zeta potential of -26 mV and EE of 83.49% with round morphology. The MTT assay showed a higher cell viability in CO-SLNs compared to CO. A 100% mortality rate of PCs was observed for CO-SLNs at a concentration of 8 mg/ml after 120 minutes and for free CO at a concentration of 8 mg/ml after 30 minutes.
Conclusion: CO-SLNs exhibited a milder scolicidal activity than free CO, which may be due to the sustained release of the oil from SLNs, resulting in a longer effective period and lower toxic effects on normal cells.
1. Wang X, Zhu A, Cai H, et al. The pathology, phylogeny, and epidemiology of Echinococcus ortleppi (g5 genotype): A new case report of echinococcosis in china. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021; 10(1):130.
2. Stojkovic M, Weber TF, Junghanss T. Clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: State of the art and perspectives. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018;31(5):383-392.
3. Hesari Z, Sharifdini M, Sharifi-Yazdi MK, et al. In vitro effects of pumpkin (cucurbita moschata) seed extracts on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(1):76-83.
4. Albalawi AE, Alanazi AD, Baharvand P, et al. High potency of organic and inorganic nanoparticles to treat cystic echinococcosis: An evidence-based review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020; 10(12):2538.
5. Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, et al. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2):e00075-00018.
6. Vijayan V, Aafreen S, Sakthivel S, et al. Formulation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded neem oil for topical treatment of acne. Journal of Acute Disease. 2013;2:282-286.
7. Napooni S, Delavari M, Arbabi M, et al. Scolicidal effects of chitosan–curcumin nanoparticles on the hydatid cyst protoscolices. Acta Parasitol. 2019;64:367-375.
8. Ghosh V, Saranya S, Mukherjee A, et al. Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulation by ultrasonic emulsification: Investigation of its bactericidal activity. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013;13:114-22.
9. Meghani N, Patel P, Kansara K, et al. Formulation of vitamin D encapsulated cinnamon oil nanoemulsion: Its potential anti-cancerous activity in human alveolar carcinoma cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2018;166:349-357.
10. Simionato I, Domingues FC, Nerín C, et al. Encapsulation of cinnamon oil in cyclodextrin nanosponges and their potential use for antimicrobial food packaging. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;132:110647.
11. Park I-K, Park J-Y, Kim K-H, et al. Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Nematology. 2005;7(5):767-774.
12. Fabbri J, Maggiore MA, Pensel PE, et al. In vitro efficacy study of cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and cinnamaldehyde against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Exp Parasitol. 2020;214:107904.
13. Gill AO, Holley RA. Mechanisms of bactericidal action of cinnamaldehyde against listeria monocytogenes and of eugenol against l. Monocytogenes and lactobacillus sakei. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(10):5750-5.
14. Abd El-Aziz NK, Ammar AM, El-Naenaeey E-sY, et al. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of cinnamon oil and silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis: New avenues for countering resistance. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17:1-14.
15. Vergis J, Gokulakrishnan P, Agarwal R, et al. Essential oils as natural food antimicrobial agents: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(10):1320-3.
16. Duan Y, Dhar A, Patel C, et al. A brief review on solid lipid nanoparticles: Part and parcel of contemporary drug delivery systems. RSC Adv. 2020;10(45):26777-26791.
17. Ahmadpour E, Godrati-Azar Z, Spotin A, et al. Nanostructured lipid carriers of ivermectin as a novel drug delivery system in hydatidosis. Parasit Vectors. 2019; 12(1):469.
18. Üner M, Yener G. Importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (sln) in various administration routes and future perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2:289-300.
19. Nguyen MH, Vu NBD, Nguyen THN, et al. Effective biocontrol of nematodes using lipid nanoemulsions co-encapsulating chili oil, cinnamon oil and neem oil. International Journal of Pest Management. 2020; 69(3):1-10.
20. Yousef N, Niloufar M, Elena P. Antipathogenic effects of emulsion and nanoemulsion of cinnamon essential oil against rhizopus rot and grey mold on strawberry fruits. Foods and Raw Materials. 2019;7:210-216.
21. Nemati S, Mohammad Rahimi H, Hesari Z, et al. Formulation of neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-toxoplasma activity. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022; 22(1):122.
22. Mosallaei N, Jaafari MR, Hanafi-Bojd MY, et al. Docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, in vitro, and in vivo evaluations. J Pharm Sci. 2013;102(6):1994-2004.
23. Pinheiro RGR, Granja A, Loureiro JA, et al. Quercetin lipid nanoparticles functionalized with transferrin for alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020;148:105314.
24. Wakade VS, Shende P. Design of targeted delivery of DNA microplexes on insulin receptors for alveolar cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;65:102754.
25. Mortazavi SM, Mortazavi SA. Propranolol hydrochloride buccoadhesive tablet: Development and in-vitro evaluation. Iran J Pharm Res: IJPR. 2020;19:22-33.
26. Nemattalab M, Rohani M, Evazalipour M, et al. Formulation of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant escherichia coli. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22:1-10.
27. Maurice MN, Huseein EAM, Monib ME-SM, et al. Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0259290.
28. Eckert J. Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar Echinococcosis in humans. Bull World Health Organ. 1996;74(3):231-42.
29. Soltani S, Rafiei A, Ramezani Z, et al. Evaluation of the hydatid cyst membrane permeability of albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2016; 12(2):e34723.
30. Shnawa BH, Al-Ali SJ, Swar SO. Nanoparticles as a new approach for treating hydatid cyst disease. Veterinary Pathobiology and Public Health; Unique Scientific Publishers: Faisalabad, Pakistan. Int J Vet Sci. 2021:180-189.
31. Ezzatkhah F, Khalaf AK, Mahmoudvand H. Copper nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, and protoscolicidal effects alone and combined with albendazole against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;136:111257.
32. Alvi MA, Khan S, Ali RMA, et al. Herbal medicines against hydatid disease: A systematic review (2000–2021). Life (Basel). 2022;12(5):676.
33. Ali R, Khan S, Khan M, et al. A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240456.
34. Cheraghipour K, Masoori L, Zivdari M, et al. A systematic appraisal of the use of carvacrol-rich plants to treat hydatid cysts. J Parasit Dis. 2022; 46(3):916-922.
35. Tabari MA, Youssefi MR, Hasanabadi R, et al. Scolicidal activity of essential oils and nanoemulsions of Satureja sahendica and Artemisia dracunculus on hydatid cysts protoscoleces. 2022. Reasearch gate.
36. Moazeni M, Borji H, Darbandi MS, et al. In vitro and in vivo antihydatid activity of a nano emulsion of Zataria multiflora essential oil. Research in Veterinary Science. 2017;114:308-312.
37. Karimi Yazdi M, Haniloo A, Ghaffari A, et al. Antiparasitic effects of zataria multiflora essential oil nano-emulsion on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. J Parasit Dis. 2020;44:429-435.
38. Moazeni M, Saharkhiz MJ, Alavi AM. The lethal effect of a nano emulsion of Satureja hortensis essential oil on protoscoleces and germinal layer of hydatid cysts. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(2):214-222.
39. Mohammadi M, Mirabzadeh S, Shahvalizadeh R, et al. Development of novel active packaging films based on whey protein isolate incorporated with chitosan nanofiber and nano-formulated cinnamon oil. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;149:11-20.
40. Yostawonkul J, Nittayasut N, Phasuk A, et al. Nano/microstructured hybrid composite particles containing cinnamon oil as an antibiotic alternative against food-borne pathogens. Journal of Food Engineering. 2021;290:110209.
41. Fattahi R, Ghanbarzadeh B, Dehghannya J, et al. The effect of macro and nano‐emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films. Food Sci Nutr. 2020;8(12):6568-6579.
42. Mahmoudvand H, Mahmoudvand H, Oliaee RT et al. In vitro protoscolicidal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and its toxicity in mice. Pharmacogn Mag. 2017;13:S652-S657.
43. Thompson R, Reynoldson J, Riddler CR. Praziquantel adversely affects protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. J Helminthol. 1986;60:279-86.
44. Shiee MR, Kia EB, Zahabiun F, et al. In vitro effects of tropisetron and granisetron against Echinococcus granulosus (ss) protoscoleces by involvement of calcineurin and calmodulin. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14(1):197.
45. Pérez-Serrano J, Casado N, Rodriguez-Caabeiro F. The effects of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide combination-therapy on Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. Int J Parasitol. 1994;24(2):219-24.
46. de la Torre-Escudero E, Bennett AP, Clarke A, et al. Extracellular vesicle biogenesis in helminths: More than one route to the surface? Trends Parasitol. 2016;32(12):921-929.
2. Stojkovic M, Weber TF, Junghanss T. Clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: State of the art and perspectives. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018;31(5):383-392.
3. Hesari Z, Sharifdini M, Sharifi-Yazdi MK, et al. In vitro effects of pumpkin (cucurbita moschata) seed extracts on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(1):76-83.
4. Albalawi AE, Alanazi AD, Baharvand P, et al. High potency of organic and inorganic nanoparticles to treat cystic echinococcosis: An evidence-based review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020; 10(12):2538.
5. Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, et al. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2):e00075-00018.
6. Vijayan V, Aafreen S, Sakthivel S, et al. Formulation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded neem oil for topical treatment of acne. Journal of Acute Disease. 2013;2:282-286.
7. Napooni S, Delavari M, Arbabi M, et al. Scolicidal effects of chitosan–curcumin nanoparticles on the hydatid cyst protoscolices. Acta Parasitol. 2019;64:367-375.
8. Ghosh V, Saranya S, Mukherjee A, et al. Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulation by ultrasonic emulsification: Investigation of its bactericidal activity. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013;13:114-22.
9. Meghani N, Patel P, Kansara K, et al. Formulation of vitamin D encapsulated cinnamon oil nanoemulsion: Its potential anti-cancerous activity in human alveolar carcinoma cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2018;166:349-357.
10. Simionato I, Domingues FC, Nerín C, et al. Encapsulation of cinnamon oil in cyclodextrin nanosponges and their potential use for antimicrobial food packaging. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;132:110647.
11. Park I-K, Park J-Y, Kim K-H, et al. Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Nematology. 2005;7(5):767-774.
12. Fabbri J, Maggiore MA, Pensel PE, et al. In vitro efficacy study of cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and cinnamaldehyde against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Exp Parasitol. 2020;214:107904.
13. Gill AO, Holley RA. Mechanisms of bactericidal action of cinnamaldehyde against listeria monocytogenes and of eugenol against l. Monocytogenes and lactobacillus sakei. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70(10):5750-5.
14. Abd El-Aziz NK, Ammar AM, El-Naenaeey E-sY, et al. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of cinnamon oil and silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis: New avenues for countering resistance. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17:1-14.
15. Vergis J, Gokulakrishnan P, Agarwal R, et al. Essential oils as natural food antimicrobial agents: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(10):1320-3.
16. Duan Y, Dhar A, Patel C, et al. A brief review on solid lipid nanoparticles: Part and parcel of contemporary drug delivery systems. RSC Adv. 2020;10(45):26777-26791.
17. Ahmadpour E, Godrati-Azar Z, Spotin A, et al. Nanostructured lipid carriers of ivermectin as a novel drug delivery system in hydatidosis. Parasit Vectors. 2019; 12(1):469.
18. Üner M, Yener G. Importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (sln) in various administration routes and future perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2:289-300.
19. Nguyen MH, Vu NBD, Nguyen THN, et al. Effective biocontrol of nematodes using lipid nanoemulsions co-encapsulating chili oil, cinnamon oil and neem oil. International Journal of Pest Management. 2020; 69(3):1-10.
20. Yousef N, Niloufar M, Elena P. Antipathogenic effects of emulsion and nanoemulsion of cinnamon essential oil against rhizopus rot and grey mold on strawberry fruits. Foods and Raw Materials. 2019;7:210-216.
21. Nemati S, Mohammad Rahimi H, Hesari Z, et al. Formulation of neem oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its anti-toxoplasma activity. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022; 22(1):122.
22. Mosallaei N, Jaafari MR, Hanafi-Bojd MY, et al. Docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, in vitro, and in vivo evaluations. J Pharm Sci. 2013;102(6):1994-2004.
23. Pinheiro RGR, Granja A, Loureiro JA, et al. Quercetin lipid nanoparticles functionalized with transferrin for alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020;148:105314.
24. Wakade VS, Shende P. Design of targeted delivery of DNA microplexes on insulin receptors for alveolar cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;65:102754.
25. Mortazavi SM, Mortazavi SA. Propranolol hydrochloride buccoadhesive tablet: Development and in-vitro evaluation. Iran J Pharm Res: IJPR. 2020;19:22-33.
26. Nemattalab M, Rohani M, Evazalipour M, et al. Formulation of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant escherichia coli. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22:1-10.
27. Maurice MN, Huseein EAM, Monib ME-SM, et al. Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0259290.
28. Eckert J. Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar Echinococcosis in humans. Bull World Health Organ. 1996;74(3):231-42.
29. Soltani S, Rafiei A, Ramezani Z, et al. Evaluation of the hydatid cyst membrane permeability of albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2016; 12(2):e34723.
30. Shnawa BH, Al-Ali SJ, Swar SO. Nanoparticles as a new approach for treating hydatid cyst disease. Veterinary Pathobiology and Public Health; Unique Scientific Publishers: Faisalabad, Pakistan. Int J Vet Sci. 2021:180-189.
31. Ezzatkhah F, Khalaf AK, Mahmoudvand H. Copper nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, and protoscolicidal effects alone and combined with albendazole against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;136:111257.
32. Alvi MA, Khan S, Ali RMA, et al. Herbal medicines against hydatid disease: A systematic review (2000–2021). Life (Basel). 2022;12(5):676.
33. Ali R, Khan S, Khan M, et al. A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240456.
34. Cheraghipour K, Masoori L, Zivdari M, et al. A systematic appraisal of the use of carvacrol-rich plants to treat hydatid cysts. J Parasit Dis. 2022; 46(3):916-922.
35. Tabari MA, Youssefi MR, Hasanabadi R, et al. Scolicidal activity of essential oils and nanoemulsions of Satureja sahendica and Artemisia dracunculus on hydatid cysts protoscoleces. 2022. Reasearch gate.
36. Moazeni M, Borji H, Darbandi MS, et al. In vitro and in vivo antihydatid activity of a nano emulsion of Zataria multiflora essential oil. Research in Veterinary Science. 2017;114:308-312.
37. Karimi Yazdi M, Haniloo A, Ghaffari A, et al. Antiparasitic effects of zataria multiflora essential oil nano-emulsion on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. J Parasit Dis. 2020;44:429-435.
38. Moazeni M, Saharkhiz MJ, Alavi AM. The lethal effect of a nano emulsion of Satureja hortensis essential oil on protoscoleces and germinal layer of hydatid cysts. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(2):214-222.
39. Mohammadi M, Mirabzadeh S, Shahvalizadeh R, et al. Development of novel active packaging films based on whey protein isolate incorporated with chitosan nanofiber and nano-formulated cinnamon oil. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;149:11-20.
40. Yostawonkul J, Nittayasut N, Phasuk A, et al. Nano/microstructured hybrid composite particles containing cinnamon oil as an antibiotic alternative against food-borne pathogens. Journal of Food Engineering. 2021;290:110209.
41. Fattahi R, Ghanbarzadeh B, Dehghannya J, et al. The effect of macro and nano‐emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films. Food Sci Nutr. 2020;8(12):6568-6579.
42. Mahmoudvand H, Mahmoudvand H, Oliaee RT et al. In vitro protoscolicidal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and its toxicity in mice. Pharmacogn Mag. 2017;13:S652-S657.
43. Thompson R, Reynoldson J, Riddler CR. Praziquantel adversely affects protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. J Helminthol. 1986;60:279-86.
44. Shiee MR, Kia EB, Zahabiun F, et al. In vitro effects of tropisetron and granisetron against Echinococcus granulosus (ss) protoscoleces by involvement of calcineurin and calmodulin. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14(1):197.
45. Pérez-Serrano J, Casado N, Rodriguez-Caabeiro F. The effects of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide combination-therapy on Echinococcus granulosus in vitro. Int J Parasitol. 1994;24(2):219-24.
46. de la Torre-Escudero E, Bennett AP, Clarke A, et al. Extracellular vesicle biogenesis in helminths: More than one route to the surface? Trends Parasitol. 2016;32(12):921-929.
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| Issue | Vol 20 No 4 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cystic echinococcosis Solid lipid nanoparticles Cinnamon oil | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hesari Z, Farahnak V, Ashrafi K, Atrkar Roushan Z, Rahmati B, Nemati S, Sharifdini M. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil Loaded Solid Lipid Nano-Particle and Its Protoscolicidal Effects. Iran J Parasitol. 2025;20(4):563-572.
