Molecular Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Endosymbiont in Acanthamoeba-Positive Samples in Laboratory Conditions and in the Hospital Environments
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Abstract
Background: We aimed to identity Helicobacter pylori endosymbiont in Acanthamoeba-positive samples in natural and laboratory conditions.
Methods: Overall, 134 samples were collected from hospital environments. Microscopic and PCR test were used for detection of Acanthamoeba and H. pylori. The real-time PCR method was used to check the active presence of H. pylori within Acanthamoeba under natural conditions from hospital samples and in co-culture laboratory conditions.
Results: The rate of contamination of hospital samples with Acanthamoeba was 44.7%. Out of 42 Acanthamoeba PCR-positive samples, 13 isolates (31%) were positive in terms of H. pylori endosymbiont according to sampling location. H. pylori is able to penetrate and enter the Acanthamoeba parasite.
Conclusion: H. pylori is able to contaminate Acanthamoeba in natural and laboratory conditions. The presence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba in various hospital environments and the hiding of Helicobacter as an endosymbiont inside it can pose a serious threat to the health of hospitalized patients.
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2. Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Köhsler M, Rott MB .Aanthamoeba misidentification and multiple labels: redefining genotypes T16, T19, and T20 and proposal for Acanthamoeba micheli sp. nov.(genotype T19). Parasitol Res. 2015; 114(7):2481-90.
3. Haniloo A, Pezeshki A, Mahmmodzadeh A, Kadkhodamohammadi E. Genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. from water sources from Northwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2017; 62(4): 790-795.
4. Steinert M. Pathogen–host interactions in Dictyostelium, Legionella, Mycobacterium and other pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011;22(1):70-6.
5. Strassmann JE, Shu L. Ancient bacteria–amoeba relationships and pathogenic animal bacteria. PLoS Biol. 2017;15(5):e2002460.
6. Rayamajhee B, Subedi D, Peguda HK, Willcox MD, Henriquez FL, Carnt N. A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection. Pathogens. 2021;10(2):225.
7. Procop GW, Church DL, Hall GS, et al. Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Seventh ed. China: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2017. 5224 p.
8. Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA. DVC-FISH and PMA-qPCR techniques to assess the survival of H. pylori inside Acanthamoeba castellanii. Res Microbiol. 2016;167(1):29-34.
9. Winiecka-Krusnell J, Wreiber K, Euler Av, Engstrand L, Linder E. Free-living amoebae promote growth and survival of Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(4):253-6.
10. Mohammady A, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Akbari M, Pirestani M. Genotyping of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Hospital Environments and Thermal Water of Recreational Baths in Markazi Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2023; 18(1):38-47.
11. Sente C, Erume J, Naigaga I, et al. Xenic Cultivation and Genotyping of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba from Public Water Supply Sources in Uganda. New J Sci. 2016; 2016:6358315.
12. Mahdavi Poor B, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Khoshzaban F, Abdolalizadeh J. Contamination of swimming pools and hot tubs biofilms with Acanthamoeba. Acta Parasitol. 2018;63(1):147-53.
13. Nayeri Chegeni T, Ghaffarifar F, Pirestani M, Dalimi Asl A, Maspi N. Genotyping of Acanthamoeba Species Isolated from Keratitis Patients by PCR Sequencing Methods in Tehran, Iran. Inter J Med Lab. 2019;6(4):259-65.
14. Siavoshi F, Saniee P. Vacuoles of Candida yeast as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5263-73.
15. Golestani MH, Rasti S, Hooshyar H, et al. Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Environmental Sources in Kashan, Central Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2018;11(4):e55582.
16. Lu Y, Redlinger TE, Avitia R, Galindo A, Goodman K. Isolation and genotyping of H. pylori from untreated municipal wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(3):1436-9.
17. Anacarso I, de Niederhäusern S, Messi P, et al. Acanthamoeba polyphaga, a potential environmental vector for the transmission of food-borne and opportunistic pathogens. J Basic Microbiol. 2012;52(3):261-8.
18. Zeybek Z, Binay AR. Growth ability of Gram negative bacteria in free-living amoebae. Exp Parasitol. 2014; 145 Suppl:S121-6.
19. Rahdar M, Niyyati M, Salehi M, et al. Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba strains from environmental sources in Ahvaz City, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012; 7(4):22-6.
20. Scheikl U, Tsao H-F, Horn M, Indra A, Walochnik J. Free-living amoebae and their associated bacteria in Austrian cooling towers: a 1-year routine screening. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(9):3365-74.
21. Horn M, Fritsche TR, Gautom RK, Schleifer KH, Wagner M. Novel bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba spp. related to the Paramecium caudatum symbiont Caedibacter caryophilus. Environ Microbiol. 1999;1(4):357-67.
22. Lienard J, Croxatto A, Gervaix A, et al. Prevalence and diversity of Chlamydiales and other amoeba-resisting bacteria in domestic drinking water systems. New Microbes New Infect. 2016;15:107-116.
23. Beer-Davidson G, Hindiyeh M, Muhsen K. Detection of H. pylori in stool samples of young children using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Helicobacter, 2018; 23(1): 10.1111/hel.12450.
24. Köhsler M, Mrva M, Walochnik J. Acanthamoeba. 2016. p. 285-324
25. Hojo F, Osaki T, Yonezawa H, Hanawa T, Kurata S, Kamiya S. Acanthamoeba castellanii supports extracellular survival of H. pylori in co-culture. J Infect Chemother. 2020;26(9): 946-54.
26. Kawaguchi K, Matsuo J, Osaki T, Kamiya S, Yamaguchi H. Prevalence of Helicobacter and Acanthamoeba in natural environment. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009;48(4): 465-71.
27. Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA. Detection of viable H. pylori inside free-living amoebae in wastewater and drinking water samples from Eastern Spain. Environ Microbiol. 2017; 19(10):4103-4112.
28. Thomas V, McDonnell G, Denyer SP, Maillard JY. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34(3):231-59.
29. Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(2):273-307.
30. Greub G, Raoult D. Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(2):413-33.
31. Vieira A, Seddon AM, Karlyshev AV. Campylobacter-Acanthamoeba interactions. Microbiology (Reading). 2015; 161(Pt 5):933-947.
2. Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Köhsler M, Rott MB .Aanthamoeba misidentification and multiple labels: redefining genotypes T16, T19, and T20 and proposal for Acanthamoeba micheli sp. nov.(genotype T19). Parasitol Res. 2015; 114(7):2481-90.
3. Haniloo A, Pezeshki A, Mahmmodzadeh A, Kadkhodamohammadi E. Genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. from water sources from Northwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2017; 62(4): 790-795.
4. Steinert M. Pathogen–host interactions in Dictyostelium, Legionella, Mycobacterium and other pathogens. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2011;22(1):70-6.
5. Strassmann JE, Shu L. Ancient bacteria–amoeba relationships and pathogenic animal bacteria. PLoS Biol. 2017;15(5):e2002460.
6. Rayamajhee B, Subedi D, Peguda HK, Willcox MD, Henriquez FL, Carnt N. A Systematic Review of Intracellular Microorganisms within Acanthamoeba to Understand Potential Impact for Infection. Pathogens. 2021;10(2):225.
7. Procop GW, Church DL, Hall GS, et al. Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Seventh ed. China: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2017. 5224 p.
8. Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA. DVC-FISH and PMA-qPCR techniques to assess the survival of H. pylori inside Acanthamoeba castellanii. Res Microbiol. 2016;167(1):29-34.
9. Winiecka-Krusnell J, Wreiber K, Euler Av, Engstrand L, Linder E. Free-living amoebae promote growth and survival of Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(4):253-6.
10. Mohammady A, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Akbari M, Pirestani M. Genotyping of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Hospital Environments and Thermal Water of Recreational Baths in Markazi Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2023; 18(1):38-47.
11. Sente C, Erume J, Naigaga I, et al. Xenic Cultivation and Genotyping of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba from Public Water Supply Sources in Uganda. New J Sci. 2016; 2016:6358315.
12. Mahdavi Poor B, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Khoshzaban F, Abdolalizadeh J. Contamination of swimming pools and hot tubs biofilms with Acanthamoeba. Acta Parasitol. 2018;63(1):147-53.
13. Nayeri Chegeni T, Ghaffarifar F, Pirestani M, Dalimi Asl A, Maspi N. Genotyping of Acanthamoeba Species Isolated from Keratitis Patients by PCR Sequencing Methods in Tehran, Iran. Inter J Med Lab. 2019;6(4):259-65.
14. Siavoshi F, Saniee P. Vacuoles of Candida yeast as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5263-73.
15. Golestani MH, Rasti S, Hooshyar H, et al. Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Acanthamoeba Isolated from Environmental Sources in Kashan, Central Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2018;11(4):e55582.
16. Lu Y, Redlinger TE, Avitia R, Galindo A, Goodman K. Isolation and genotyping of H. pylori from untreated municipal wastewater. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(3):1436-9.
17. Anacarso I, de Niederhäusern S, Messi P, et al. Acanthamoeba polyphaga, a potential environmental vector for the transmission of food-borne and opportunistic pathogens. J Basic Microbiol. 2012;52(3):261-8.
18. Zeybek Z, Binay AR. Growth ability of Gram negative bacteria in free-living amoebae. Exp Parasitol. 2014; 145 Suppl:S121-6.
19. Rahdar M, Niyyati M, Salehi M, et al. Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba strains from environmental sources in Ahvaz City, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012; 7(4):22-6.
20. Scheikl U, Tsao H-F, Horn M, Indra A, Walochnik J. Free-living amoebae and their associated bacteria in Austrian cooling towers: a 1-year routine screening. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(9):3365-74.
21. Horn M, Fritsche TR, Gautom RK, Schleifer KH, Wagner M. Novel bacterial endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba spp. related to the Paramecium caudatum symbiont Caedibacter caryophilus. Environ Microbiol. 1999;1(4):357-67.
22. Lienard J, Croxatto A, Gervaix A, et al. Prevalence and diversity of Chlamydiales and other amoeba-resisting bacteria in domestic drinking water systems. New Microbes New Infect. 2016;15:107-116.
23. Beer-Davidson G, Hindiyeh M, Muhsen K. Detection of H. pylori in stool samples of young children using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Helicobacter, 2018; 23(1): 10.1111/hel.12450.
24. Köhsler M, Mrva M, Walochnik J. Acanthamoeba. 2016. p. 285-324
25. Hojo F, Osaki T, Yonezawa H, Hanawa T, Kurata S, Kamiya S. Acanthamoeba castellanii supports extracellular survival of H. pylori in co-culture. J Infect Chemother. 2020;26(9): 946-54.
26. Kawaguchi K, Matsuo J, Osaki T, Kamiya S, Yamaguchi H. Prevalence of Helicobacter and Acanthamoeba in natural environment. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009;48(4): 465-71.
27. Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA. Detection of viable H. pylori inside free-living amoebae in wastewater and drinking water samples from Eastern Spain. Environ Microbiol. 2017; 19(10):4103-4112.
28. Thomas V, McDonnell G, Denyer SP, Maillard JY. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34(3):231-59.
29. Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(2):273-307.
30. Greub G, Raoult D. Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(2):413-33.
31. Vieira A, Seddon AM, Karlyshev AV. Campylobacter-Acanthamoeba interactions. Microbiology (Reading). 2015; 161(Pt 5):933-947.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v19i4.17160 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Acanthamoeba Helicobacter pylori Endosymbiont Hospital | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammadi A, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Pirestani M, Akbari M. Molecular Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Endosymbiont in Acanthamoeba-Positive Samples in Laboratory Conditions and in the Hospital Environments. Iran J Parasitol. 2024;19(4):397-407.
