Epidemiology, Sero-Diagnosis and Therapeutic Studies on Nematodes Infection in Balochi Range-Sheep at District Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
-
Abdul Razzaq
,
Kamran Ashraf
,
Azhar Maqbool
,
Muhammad Islam
,
Abdul Hanan
,
Mian Muhammad Awais
,
Munir Ahmad Khetran
,
Saadullah Jan
,
Muhammad Shafee
,
Muhammad Essa
,
Hamdullah Kakar
Abstract
Background:Among the infectious organisms of parasitic origin, gastrointestinal nematodes are very important as they have been reported worldwide. The main aim of the present research study to highlight the annual epidemiological contributing factors associated with the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and their control in sheep.
Methods:A total 1200 faecal samples (100 per month) were collected from farmers holding Balochi-sheep (either sexes, 1-5 years old) during January-December 2012 and analyzed to determine the prevalence of nematodes based on microscopy and ELISA based diagnostic assay. Therapeutic efficacies of different synthetic and herbal medicines against these nematodes were assessed by field trials.
Results:Results showed that 23.92% Balochi-sheep were infected with nematodes. Five nematodes infections were recorded with highest prevalence of Haemonchus (7.75%) fol-lowed by Nematodirus (7.58%), Strongyloides (4.42%), Trichostrongylus (2.33%) and Trichuris (1.83%). The younger and older ewes (one and five years) presented higher nematodes prevalence with peak during March/April and August/September. Haemonchus and Tri-churis positive samples based on coprological examination were also showed 92-100% positive sensitivity for these nematodes by the ELISA. Sheep treated with Ivermectin showed higher reduction (97.76%) in nematode egg counts followed by Atreefal deedan (96.42%) and Oxfendazole (95.44%), respectively.
Conclusion:The gastro-intestinal nematodes are prevalent in all age and either sex of Balochi-sheep with peak during summer. The ELISA based diagnosis is more accurte. The synthetic and herbal products are very effective against sheep nematodes.
Souza MF, Pimentel-Neto M, Silva RM, Fari-as ACB, Guimaraes MP. Gastrointestinal par-asites of sheep, municipality of Lajes, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012; 21(1): 71-73.
Tasawar Z, Sajjad A, Mushtaq HL, Chaudhary SH. Prevalence of H. contortus in Sheep at Re-search Centre for Conservation of Sahiwal Cattle, Jehangirabad, District Khanewal, Pun-jab, Pakistan. Pak J Zool. 2012; 42(6): 735-739. 3. Zeryehun T. Helminthosis of sheep and goats in and around Haramaya, Southeastern Ethio-pia. J Vet Med and Ani Health. 2012; 4(3): 48-55.
Nasreen S, Khan MR, Peerzada S, Andrabi SA. Efficacy of different Anthelmintic formula-tions against helminth infection in sheep. Online J Vetscan. 2008; 3(2): 29.
Jackson F, Bartley D, Bartley Y, Kenyon F. Worm control in sheep in the future. Small Rum Res. 2009; 86(1-3): 40-45.
Qamar MF. Epidemiology, sero-diagnosis, economic losses and control of haemonchosis in sheep and goats. [PhD dissertation]. Univer-sity of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; 2009.
Thomas P, Barbara G, James PH, Grace M, Theo-de W. Gastrointestinal nematode control practices on lowland sheep farms in Ireland with reference to selection for anthelmintic re-sistance. Ir Vet J. 2011; 64(1): 4.
Ahmad H, Bushra, Khan MQ, Waseem S, Ma-zhar Q. Seroprevalence of Hypodermosis (Hypoderma lineatum) in the cattle of Potohar re-gion, Pakistan. Int J of Cell and Mol Bio. 2011; 2 (2):497-510.
Razzaq A, Rafique S, Tareen S. Incidence of internal parasites in sheep and goat at Asghara valley district Ziarat. Balochistan J. of Agri. Sci. 2002; 3(1):43-50.
Pedreira J, Paz-Silva A, Sanchez-Andrade R, Suarez JL, Arias M, Lomba C, Diaz P, Lopez C, Diez-Banos P, Morrondo P. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and parasite-control practices in NW Spain. Preven. Vet. Med. 2006; 75(1-2): 56-62.
Wall PJ, Martin LR, Ljungstronm BL, Rydzik A. Epidemiology of abomasal nematodes of sheep in Sweden with particular reference to over-winter survival strategies. Vet Para. 2004; 122 (3): 207-220.
Keyyu JD, Kyvsaard NC, Monrad J, Kassuku AA. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nema-todes in cattle on traditional, small-scale dairy and large-scale dairy farms in Iringa district, Tanzania. Vet Para. 2005; 127(3-4): 285-294.
Nado M. 2009. Diagnosis of parasitic diseases: old and new approaches (review article). Hindawi Publishing Corporation: Interdiscipli-nary perspectives on infectious diseases. 2009; Article ID 278246 (Available from http://www.hindawi.com).
Arunkumar S. Immunoprotection in sheep against H. contortus using its thiol-purified excretory/secretory proteins. Vet Res Forum. 2012; 3 (4): 239–244.
Knox DP. Parasite vaccines: Recent progress in, and problems associated with their devel-opment. The Open Infec Dis J. 2012; 4 (63): 63-73.
Little PR, Hodge A, Watson TG, Seed JA, Maeder JS. Field efficacy and safety of an oral formulation of the novel combination anthel-mintic, derquantel-abamectin, in sheep in New Zealand. New Zealand Vet J. 2010; 58(3): 121-129.
Jabbar A, Zaman MA, Iqbal Z, Yaseen M, Shamim A. Anthelmintic activity of Chenopo-dium album (L) and Caesalpinia crista (L) against trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep. J Eth-nopharm. 2007; 114(1): 86-91.
Githiori JB, Anthanasidou S, Thomsborg MS. Use of plants in novel approaches for control of gastrointestinal helminthes in livestock with emphasis on small ruminants. Vet Para. 2006; 139(4): 308-20.
Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Ashraf M, Jabbar A. Anthel-mintic activity of Artemisia brevifolia in sheep. J Ethanopharam. 2004; 93: (2-3): 265-268.
Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Ghayur MN, Gi-lani AH. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activ-ity of Nicotinaa tabacum L. leaves against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Phytoth Res. 2006; 20 (1): 46-48.
Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Muhammad G, Khan MN. Anthelmintic activity of Calotropis procera (Ait). F. flowers in sheep. J Eth-anopharm. 2005; 102(2): 256-261.
Ihsanullah K. 2005. Documentation of ethno-veterinary practices in Baluchistan [MSc dissertation] Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan; 2005.
Islam M, Ahmad S, Aslam S, Athar M. Mineral composition and anti-nutritional components of shrubs: Rangeland species from the upland Baluchistan, Pakistan. Agri Consp Sci. 2008; 73(1): 27-35.
Soulsby E JL. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 2nd ed. Bailliere Tindall, London; 1982.
Thienpont D, Rochette F, Vanparijs OFJ. Diagnosing helminthiasis through coprological examination. Janssen Res Found, Beerse Bel-gium; 1979.
Urquhart GM, Armour J, Duncan JL, Jennings FW. Veterinary Parasitology. 2nd ed. The Uni-versity of Glasgow, Scotland; 1996.
Mir RA, Chishti MZ, Zargar MA, Tak H, Ga-nie SA. Excretory-secretary antigens are better than crude antigens for serodiagnosis of Haemonchus contortus. Asian J Sci Res. 2008; 1(2): 171-175.
Prasad A, Nasir A, Singh N. Detection of anti-Haemonchus contortus antibodies in sheep by dot-ELISA with immunoaffinity purified frac-tion of ES antigen during prepatency. Indian J Exp Biol. 2008; 46(2):94-9.
Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Ran-dael RJ. Protein measurement with folin phe-nol reagent. J Biologic Chem. 1951; 193, 265-275.
Ali MM. A synopsis of epidemiology and basic statis-tics. 2nd ed. Iftikhar Book Co. Tipu Rd. Opp. R.M.C. Rawalpindi, Pakistan; 2001.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH. Principals and proce-dures of statistics. 2nd ed. Mc. Graw Hill, New York; 1980.
Mushtaq HL, Tasawar Z. Prevalence of Some Gastrointestinal Parasites in Sheep in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pakakistan Vety J. 2011; 31(4): 295-298.
Al-shaibani IRM, Phulan MS, Arijo A, Qureshi TA. Epidemiology of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in Hyderabad District, Pakistan. Pakistan Vet J. 2008; 28(3): 125-130.
Raza MA, Murtaza S, Bachaya HA, Dastager G, Hussain A. Point prevalence of haemon-chosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at Mul-tan abattoir. The J Ani and Pl Sci. 2009; 19(3): 158-159.
Gadahi JA, Arshed MJ, Ali Q, Javaid SB, Shah SI. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sheep and Goat in and around Rawalpindi and Islamabad Pakistan. Vet World. 2009; 2 (2): 51-53.
Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC. Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of diseases of cattle, sheep, pig, goat and horses. 7th ed. Bath Press Avon, Great Britain; 1994. 37. Abunna F, Tsedeke B, Kumsa B, Megersa A, Regassa A, Debela E. Abomasal Nematodes: Prevalence in Small Ruminants Slaughtered at Bishooftu Town, Ethiopia. Int J Vety Med. 2009; 7:1.
Idris A, Eva M, Birgit S, Matthias G. Gastrointestinal nematode infections in Ger-man sheep. Para Res. 2012; 110 (4): 1453–1459. 39. Silva JB, Fagundes GM, Fonseca AH. Dynam-ics of gastrointestinal parasitoses in goats kept in organic and conventional production sys-tems in Brazil. Small Rum Res. 2011; 98(1-3): 35-38.
Chaudary FR, Khan FMU, Qayyum M. Preva-lence of Haemonchus contortus in naturally in-fected small ruminants grazing in the Potohar area of Pakistan. Pakistan Vet J. 2007; 27(2): 73-79.
Menkir MS, Uggla A, Waller PJ. Epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in a semi-arid re-gion of eastern Ethiopia. Vet Para. 2007; 143(3-4): 311–321.
Lone BA, Chishti MZ1, Ahmad F, Tak H, Hassan J. Immunodiagnosis of H. contortus in-fection in sheep by indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Iranian J Vet Res. 2012; 13(1): 38- 49.
Qamar MF, Maqbool A. Biochemical studies and serodiagnosis of haemonchosis in sheep and goats. J Anim Pl Sci. 2012; 22(1): 32.
Sheferaw D, Asha A. Efficacy of selected anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nema-todes of sheep owned by smallholder farmers in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2010; 14 (2), 31-38.
Mirhadi K, Yagoob G, Saeid S. The effect of Ivermectin pour-on administration against natural Nematodirus spathiger Infections and prevalent rate of that in cattle. Afri J Micro Res. 2011; 5(23) 3858-3861.
Saddiqi HA, Iqbal Z, Khan MN, Muhammad G. Comparative Resistance of Sheep Breeds to Haemonchus contortus in a Natural Pasture Infec-tion. Int J Agr Bio. 2012; 5:739–743.
Hamad KK, Iqbal Z, Sindhu Z, Muhammad G. Antinematicidal activity of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaf extracts to control benzimidazole-re-sistant H. contortus in sheep. Pak Vet J. 2013; 33(1): 85-90.
Borhade P, Deshmukh T, Patil V, Khandelwal K. Review on Citrullus colocynthis. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2013; 3(1): 46-53.
Satyajit GP, Deshmukh AA, Amol RP, Jagadale AA. Phytochemical characterization and estimation of percent extractability of Em-blica officinalis fruit extract. Int J Nat Prod Res. 2013; 2(1): 20-24.
Pavan BU, Suggala VS, Chandrashekhar DU. In vitro anthelmintic activity of stems of Cuscuta reflexa. Int J Bioassays. 2012; 01(08): 18–19.
Manohar VR, Chandrashekar R, Rao SN. Phy-tochemical analysis of Terminalia belerica fruit pulp extracts. World J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2012; 1(4): 1376-1383.
Nitin M, Malpani AA, Inamdar SS, Hasan SMS, Madri SG. Chronopharmacological in-fluence of Operculina turpethum in pylorus ligated albino rats. RGUHS J Pharm Sci. 2012; 2(4): 73-79.
Asadulla S, Ramandang, Rajasekharan. Pha-rmacognosy of Embelia ribes Burm F. Int J Res Pharm Chem. 2011; 1(4): 1236-1251.
Kushwaha A, Aind JG. Anthelmintic activity of polyherbal preparation. Int J Pharma Life Sci. 2010; 1(1): 35-37.
Tariq KA, Chishti MZ, Ahmad F, Shawl AS. Anthelmintic activity of extracts of Artemisia absinthium against ovine nematodes. Vet Para. 2009; 160(1-2): 83–88.
Chalapathi V, Yamini K, Gopal V. Anthelmin-thic activity of Saraswatha Churna-a polyherbal formulation. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2011; 3(1): 328-329.
Hussain A. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of some ethnobotanicals.[PhD dissertation] University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2008.
Hordegen P, Cabaret J, Hertzberg H, Langhans W, Maurer V. In vitro screening of six anthelmintic plant products against larval H. contortus with a modified methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium reduction assay. J Ethnopharma. 2006; 108(1): 85–89.
Malvankar PR. Anthelmintic activity of water extracts of Trikatu churna and its individual ingredients on Indian earthworms. Int J Phar-ma and Bio Sci. 2012; 3(2): 374. 60. Reddy E, Falla K, Elseify MA and Elbahy NM. Seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep in Northern re-gion of Nile Delta, Egypt. Parasitol Res. 2011; 108(2): 337-340.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 2 (2014) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Herbal anthelmintics Nematodes Season Sheep | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
