Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central of Iran
,
Abstract
Background: To investigate Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central of Iran.
Methods: Total of 35 fecal samples were collected from patients referred to Yazd central laboratory from February to July 2022. All the samples were included in this study after microscopic observation of G duodenalis. DNA samples were extracted using related kit and were analyzed by Nano Drop. The molecular assessment was carried out using semi-nested PCR using the target gene of gdh. All amplified samples were sequenced using Sanger method. The sequences were analyzed by BLAST for assemblage identification.
Results: Out of 35 samples, 24 (68.57%) and 11 (31.43%) were male and female, respectively. All included samples were amplified using the specific gdh primer pair. The molecular analysis showed 17 isolates (48.57%) as assemblage BIV, 8 isolates (22.86%) as assemblage BIII, 6 isolates (17.14%) as assemblage AII and 4 isolates (11.43%) as assemblage AIII (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The molecular analysis conducted in this study showed that assemblages A and B are the most prevalent in Central Iran. The molecular identification of G duodenalis isolates from animals and implementing control programs is strongly recommended as a preventive measure to limit the transmission of giardiasis to humans.
1. Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, Probert C, Lamden K. Giardiasis. BMJ. 2016; 355:i5369.
2. Stéphane Frayon, Sophie Cherrier, Yolande Cavaloc, et al. Misperception of weight status in the pacific: preliminary findings in rural and urban 11- to 16-year-olds of New Caledonia. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:25.
3. Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Moulood Taje Gadroon and Sayyed Hossein Shahcheraghi. Comparison of Hematimetric Findings between Healthy Children and Children with Giardia Parasite. Ped Health Res. 2018; 3(2):7.
4. U.S. Census Bureau. Demographic Characteristics Estimates by Age Groups –Vintage 2019 (Population: April 1, 2009 to July 1, 2019). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; Release Date: May 2020.
5. Hajare ST, Chekol Y, Chauhan NM. Assessment of prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and its associated factors among government elementary school children from Sidama zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2022; 17(3):e0264812.
6. Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011; 24(1):110-40.
7. Eslamirad Z, Hajihossein R, Moslemi A. An Overview on the Main Assemblages and Sub-assemblages of Giardia intestinalis in the Western Half of Iran. Shiraz E-Med J. 2022; 23(10): e116536.
8. Narges Kiani- Salmi, Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Akram Astani, et al. Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in cattle, sheep and goats in an arid area of central Iran. Infect Genet Evol. 2019; 75:104021
9. Lee MF, Auer H, Lindo JF, Walochnik J. Multilocus sequence analysis of Giardia spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Austria. Parasitol Res. 2017; 116(2):477-81.
10. Chang Y, Li J, Zhang L. Genetic diversity and molecular diagnosis of Giardia. Infect Genet Evol. 2023; 113:105482.
11. Koffi M, N’Djeti M, Konan T, Djè Y. Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoan parasites from children facing diarrheal disease and associated risk factors in Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire. Afr J Environ Sci Technol. 2014; 8(3):178-84.
12. Choy SH, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Nasr NN, Sulaiman M, Lim YA, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia infection among indigenous communities in rural Malaysia. Sci Rep. 2014; 4:6909.
13. Al-Mekhlafi HM. Giardia duodenalis infection among rural communities in Yemen: A community-based assessment of the prevalence and associated risk factors. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(10):987-95.
14. Sedighi I, Asadi M, Olfat M, Maghsood AH. Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis infections in children under ten years old, Hamadan, Iran. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 2(2):22713.
15. Rayani M, Unyah NZ, Hatam G. Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from Fars province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014; 9(1):70-8.
16. Elhadad H, Abdo S, Salem AI, Mohamed MA, El-Taweel HA, El-Abd EA. Comparison of gdh polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and tpi assemblage-specific primers for characterization of Giardia intestinalis in children. Trop Parasitol. 2022; 12(1):41-47.
17. Mirrezaie E, Beiromvand M, Tavalla M, Teimoori A, Mirzavand S. Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in humans in the Andimeshk County, southwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2019; 64(2):376-83.
18. Rafiei A, Roointan ES, Samarbafzadeh AR, Shayesteh AA, Shamsizadeh A, Borujeni MP. Investigation of possible correlation between Giardia duodenalis genotypes and clinical symptoms in southwest of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2013; 8(3):389-395.
19. Zahedi A, Field D, Ryan U. Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in humans in Queensland–first report of Assemblage E. Parasitology. 2017; 144(9):1154-61.
20. Figueiredo Pacheco FT, Rodrigues Silva RKN, Souza de Carvalho S, et al. Predominance of Giardia duodenalis AII sub-assemblage in young children from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Biomedica. 2020; 40(3):557-68.
21. Mahdy AM, Surin J, Wan K, Mohd-Adnan A, Al-Mekhlafi MH, Lim Y. Giardia intestinalis genotypes: Risk factors and correlation with clinical symptoms. Acta Trop. 2009; 112(1):67-70.
22. Abate A, Kibret B, Bekalu E, et al. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors in Teda Health Centre, Northwest Ethiopia. ISRN Parasitol. 2013; 2013: 757451.
23. Read C. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea. Int J Parasitol. 2002; 32(2):229-31.
24. Amar C, Dear P, Pedraza-Diaz S, Looker N, Linnane E, McLauchlin J. Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human feces. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40(2):446-52.
25. Haque R, Roy S, Kabir M, Stroup SE, Mondal D, Houpt ER. Giardia assemblage A infection and diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192(12):2171-3.
26. Fallah E. Nahavandi k, Jamali R, MahdaviPoor B, Asgharzadeh M. Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from human and animal reservoirs by PCR-RFLP. J Biol Sci. 2008; 8(5): 896-901.
27. Rafiei A, Baghlaninezhad R, Köster PC, et al. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Southwestern Iran. A community survey. PLoS One. 2020; 15(2):e0228317.
28. Sarkari B, Ashrafmansori A, Hatam G, Motazedian M, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I. Genotyping of Giardia lamblia isolates from human in southern Iran. Trop Biomed. 2012; 29(3):366-71.
29. Ahmad AA, El-Kady AM, Hassan TM. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children in Upper Egypt using assemblage-specific PCR technique. PLoS One. 2020; 15(10):e0240119.
30. Yoder JS, Harral C, Beach MJ, Control CfD, Prevention. Giardiasis surveillance—United States, 2006–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010; 59(6):15-25.
2. Stéphane Frayon, Sophie Cherrier, Yolande Cavaloc, et al. Misperception of weight status in the pacific: preliminary findings in rural and urban 11- to 16-year-olds of New Caledonia. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17:25.
3. Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Moulood Taje Gadroon and Sayyed Hossein Shahcheraghi. Comparison of Hematimetric Findings between Healthy Children and Children with Giardia Parasite. Ped Health Res. 2018; 3(2):7.
4. U.S. Census Bureau. Demographic Characteristics Estimates by Age Groups –Vintage 2019 (Population: April 1, 2009 to July 1, 2019). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; Release Date: May 2020.
5. Hajare ST, Chekol Y, Chauhan NM. Assessment of prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection and its associated factors among government elementary school children from Sidama zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2022; 17(3):e0264812.
6. Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011; 24(1):110-40.
7. Eslamirad Z, Hajihossein R, Moslemi A. An Overview on the Main Assemblages and Sub-assemblages of Giardia intestinalis in the Western Half of Iran. Shiraz E-Med J. 2022; 23(10): e116536.
8. Narges Kiani- Salmi, Ali Fattahi Bafghi, Akram Astani, et al. Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in cattle, sheep and goats in an arid area of central Iran. Infect Genet Evol. 2019; 75:104021
9. Lee MF, Auer H, Lindo JF, Walochnik J. Multilocus sequence analysis of Giardia spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Austria. Parasitol Res. 2017; 116(2):477-81.
10. Chang Y, Li J, Zhang L. Genetic diversity and molecular diagnosis of Giardia. Infect Genet Evol. 2023; 113:105482.
11. Koffi M, N’Djeti M, Konan T, Djè Y. Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoan parasites from children facing diarrheal disease and associated risk factors in Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire. Afr J Environ Sci Technol. 2014; 8(3):178-84.
12. Choy SH, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Nasr NN, Sulaiman M, Lim YA, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia infection among indigenous communities in rural Malaysia. Sci Rep. 2014; 4:6909.
13. Al-Mekhlafi HM. Giardia duodenalis infection among rural communities in Yemen: A community-based assessment of the prevalence and associated risk factors. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(10):987-95.
14. Sedighi I, Asadi M, Olfat M, Maghsood AH. Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis infections in children under ten years old, Hamadan, Iran. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015; 2(2):22713.
15. Rayani M, Unyah NZ, Hatam G. Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from Fars province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014; 9(1):70-8.
16. Elhadad H, Abdo S, Salem AI, Mohamed MA, El-Taweel HA, El-Abd EA. Comparison of gdh polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and tpi assemblage-specific primers for characterization of Giardia intestinalis in children. Trop Parasitol. 2022; 12(1):41-47.
17. Mirrezaie E, Beiromvand M, Tavalla M, Teimoori A, Mirzavand S. Molecular genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in humans in the Andimeshk County, southwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2019; 64(2):376-83.
18. Rafiei A, Roointan ES, Samarbafzadeh AR, Shayesteh AA, Shamsizadeh A, Borujeni MP. Investigation of possible correlation between Giardia duodenalis genotypes and clinical symptoms in southwest of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2013; 8(3):389-395.
19. Zahedi A, Field D, Ryan U. Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis in humans in Queensland–first report of Assemblage E. Parasitology. 2017; 144(9):1154-61.
20. Figueiredo Pacheco FT, Rodrigues Silva RKN, Souza de Carvalho S, et al. Predominance of Giardia duodenalis AII sub-assemblage in young children from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Biomedica. 2020; 40(3):557-68.
21. Mahdy AM, Surin J, Wan K, Mohd-Adnan A, Al-Mekhlafi MH, Lim Y. Giardia intestinalis genotypes: Risk factors and correlation with clinical symptoms. Acta Trop. 2009; 112(1):67-70.
22. Abate A, Kibret B, Bekalu E, et al. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors in Teda Health Centre, Northwest Ethiopia. ISRN Parasitol. 2013; 2013: 757451.
23. Read C. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea. Int J Parasitol. 2002; 32(2):229-31.
24. Amar C, Dear P, Pedraza-Diaz S, Looker N, Linnane E, McLauchlin J. Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human feces. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40(2):446-52.
25. Haque R, Roy S, Kabir M, Stroup SE, Mondal D, Houpt ER. Giardia assemblage A infection and diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192(12):2171-3.
26. Fallah E. Nahavandi k, Jamali R, MahdaviPoor B, Asgharzadeh M. Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from human and animal reservoirs by PCR-RFLP. J Biol Sci. 2008; 8(5): 896-901.
27. Rafiei A, Baghlaninezhad R, Köster PC, et al. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Southwestern Iran. A community survey. PLoS One. 2020; 15(2):e0228317.
28. Sarkari B, Ashrafmansori A, Hatam G, Motazedian M, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I. Genotyping of Giardia lamblia isolates from human in southern Iran. Trop Biomed. 2012; 29(3):366-71.
29. Ahmad AA, El-Kady AM, Hassan TM. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children in Upper Egypt using assemblage-specific PCR technique. PLoS One. 2020; 15(10):e0240119.
30. Yoder JS, Harral C, Beach MJ, Control CfD, Prevention. Giardiasis surveillance—United States, 2006–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2010; 59(6):15-25.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v19i1.15216 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Giardia duodenalis Genotyping Assemblages Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hezardastan E, Fattahi Bafghi A, Eslami G, Vakili M. Molecular Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Humans in the Yazd County, Central of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2024;19(1):98-104.
