Alpha-Pinene and Tannic Acid Inhibit Trichomonas vaginalis Protozoan Cells by Inducing Apoptosis
Abstract
Background: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The growing concern of drug resistance of this infection has cautioned the need for new drug development. We evaluated the potential antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of α-pinene and tannic acid (TA) on Trichomonas vaginalis cells. In addition, the cytotoxicity of agents on Vero cells was investigated.
Methods: Trichomonas cells were axenically cultured in TYI-S-33 medium. In vitro antiproliferative activity of α-pinene, TA, and metronidazole was investigated against Trichomonas cells. The assays were carried out in triplicate using microtiter plate and trypan blue staining method. Annexin V/PI staining with flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis induction. In addition, the cytotoxic effect was measured by MTT assay.
Results: α-Pinene and TA exhibited significant inhibition of the Trichomonas cells and the lowest IC50 values were 22.9 µg/ml and 140 µg/ml at 48 hours’ incubation, respectively. The CC50 was found at 116 μg/ml for α-pinene and 473 μg/ml for TA, after 48 hours of treatment. The flow cytometry study demonstrated that the natural compounds induced apoptosis in Trichomonas cells. After 24 hours of treatment, the induction of apoptosis was 5.2% - 36.6% at concentrations of 3.9 - 62.5 μg/ml for α-pinene and TA induced-apoptosis was 6.1% - 53.8% at concentrations of 125-2000 μg/ml.
Conclusion: Although the results show the antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of α-pinene and TA on Trichomonas cells, in vivo studies are needed to further clarify the effects of these compounds.
2. Bouchemal K, Bories C, Loiseau PM. Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(3):811-825.
3. Van Gerwen OT, Camino AF, Sharma J, et al. Epidemiology, Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis in Men. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(6):1119-1124.
4. Gong YH, Liu Y, Li P, et al. A nonobstructive azoospermic patient with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in testes. Asian J Androl. 2018;20(1):97-98.
5. Yarizadeh M, Taherkhani H, Amir-Zargar MA, et al. Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Male Trichomoniasis in Hamadan, Western Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2021;16(2):245-252.
6. Robinson SC. Trichomonal vaginitis resistant to metronidazole. Can Med Assoc J. 1962;86(14): 665.
7. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187.
8. Salehi B, Upadhyay S, Erdogan Orhan I, et al. Therapeutic Potential of α- and β-Pinene: A Miracle Gift of Nature. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):738.
9. Allenspach M, Steuer C. α-Pinene: A never-ending story. Phytochemistry. 2021; 190:112857.
10. Kaczmarek B. Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials-A Minireview. Materials (Basel). 2020;13(14):3224.
11. Padzik M, Hendiger EB, Chomicz L, et al. Tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic agent against Acanthamoeba. Parasitol Res. 2018;117(11):3519-3525.
12. Hendiger EB, Padzik M, Żochowska A, et al. Tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles enhance the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of three multipurpose contact lens solutions without increasing their cytotoxicity. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):624.
13. Matini M, Maghsood AH, Mohebali M, et al. In Vitro Susceptibility of Iranian Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis to Metronidazole. Iran J Parasitol. 2016;11(1):46-51.
14. Karami F, Dastan D, Fallah M, et al. In vitro antitrichomonal activity of Satureja khuzestanica and main essential oil components carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2023;17(1):80-85.
15. Mahmoudvand H, Badparva E, Baharvand Z, et al. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activities and apoptotic effects of some Iranian medicinal plants. Trop Biomed. 2018;35(2):347-353.
16. Arbabi M, Delavari M, Fakhrieh Kashan Z, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) induces apoptosis in Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2016;14(11):691-698.
17. Hou J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, et al. α-Pinene Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via Caspase Activation in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:6631-6638.
18. Sp N, Kang DY, Kim DH, et al. Tannic Acid Inhibits Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Stemness by Inducing G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Intrinsic Apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 2020;40(6):3209-3220.
19. de Brum Vieira P, Feijó Silva NL, Silva DB, et al. The Caatinga endemic Manilkara rufula possesses remarkable activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus. Exp Parasitol. 2017;173:18-28.
20. Silva LN, Rigo GV, Silva DB, et al. Hydrolyzable tannins from Poincianella (Caesalpinia) microphylla fruits: Metabolite profiling and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity. Food Res Int. 2020;134:109236.
21. Van Zyl RL, Seatlholo ST, Van Vuuren SF, et al. Viljoen. The Biological Activities of 20 Nature Identical Essential Oil Constituents. J Essent Oil Res. 2006;18(sup1):129-133.
22. Rodrigues KA, Amorim LV, Dias CN, et al. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels essential oil and its major constituent α-pinene exhibit anti-Leishmania activity through immu-nomodulation in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;160:32-40.
23. Fakhrieh-Kashan Z, Arbabi M, Delavari M, et al. Induction of Apoptosis by Alcoholic Extract of Combination Verbascum thapsus and Ginger officinale on Iranian Isolate of Trichomonas vaginalis. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;13(1):72-78.
24. Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou CC, et al. Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11(8):1014.
25. Youssefi MR, Moghaddas E, Tabari MA, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of Carvacrol, Thymol and Linalool against Leishmania infantum. Molecules. 2019;24(11):2072.
26. Mhlanga P, Perumal PO, Somboro AM, et al. Mechanistic Insights into Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Mediated by Tannic Acid in Human Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(24):6145.
27. Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The bioactivity and toxicological actions of carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(3):304-18.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v19i1.15189 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Antiprotozoal agents Apoptosis Alpha-pinene Tannic acid Trichomonas vaginalis | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
