In Vitro Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles via Thymus Vulgaris Extract against Leishmania major
-
Leila Zaki
,
Mohsen Mohammadi
,
Amir KarimiPourSaryazdi
,
Farzaneh Baghkhani
,
Milad Badri
,
Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
Abstract
Background: We aimed to assess the in vitro effects of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) via Thymus vulgaris (thyme) against Leishmania major infection.
Methods: We have prepared T. vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPs) by adding thyme extract to the silver nitrate aqueous solution (0.2 mM), and evaluated their antileishmanial activity. The viability of L. major promastigotes was assessed in the presence of various concentrations of TSNPs by direct counting after 24 h. The MTT assay was used to identify the viability of promastigotes. The same procedures were assessed in uninfected macrophage cells. The apoptotic effects of nanoparticles on L. major promastigotes were determined by flow cytometry assay using annexin staining. To evaluate anti-amastigotes activity of TSNPs, light microscopic observation was used to determine the number of parasites within the macrophages in each well.
Results: The effect of TSNPs on promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major was effective and had a reverse relationship with its concentration. TSNPs, inhibited the growth rate of L. major amastigotes and, the IC50 value of these nanoparticles was estimated 3.02 µg/mL (28 µM) after 72h. The results of flow cytometry showed that the toxic effects of TSNPs on promastigotes after 24 hours were statistically significant (P<0.05) and showed 69.51% of apoptosis.
Conclusion: TSNPs had an inhibitor effect on promastigote and amastigote forms of L. major in vitro. It might be considered as a candidate for the treatment of this infection.
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14. KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, et al. In-vitro and in-vivo comparative effects of the spring and autumn-harvested Artemisia aucheri Bioss extracts on Leishmania major. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;257:112910.
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17. Mohammadi M, Zaki L, KarimiPourSaryazdi A, et al. Efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles via ginger rhizome extract against Leishmania major in vitro. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255571.
18. Dalimi A, Karimi M, Jameie F, et al. The killing in vitro effect of Half-Wave Rectified Sine electricity plus silver nanoparticle on Leishmania major promastigotes and BALB/C mice skin leishmanial lesion healing. Trop Biomed. 2018;35(1):50-58.
19. Verma SK, Jha E, Panda PK, et al. Rapid Novel Facile Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles From Bacterial Release Induce Biogenicity and Concentration Dependent In Vivo Cytotoxicity With Embryonic Zebrafish-A Mechanistic Insight. Toxicol Sci. 2018;161(1):125-138.
20. Husain S, Verma SK, Hemlata, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of facile cyanobacterial silver nanoparticles inferred by antioxidant mechanism. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021;122:111888.
21. Mohammadi M, Shahisaraee SA, Tavajjohi A, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris extracts: characterisation, cell cytotoxicity, and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans in comparison to fluconazole. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2019;13(2):114-119.
22. Nilforoushzadeh MA, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zolfaghari-Baghbaderani A, et al. Comparison of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) and propolis hydroalcoholic extracts versus systemic glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in balb/c mice. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008;45(4):301-6.
23. Bajpai VK, Khan I, Shukla S, et al. N, P-Doped Carbon Nanodots for Food-Matrix Decontamination, Anticancer Potential, and Cellular Bio-Imaging Applications. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2020; 16(3):283–303.
24. Moldavan, A. Photo-Electric Technique for the Counting Of Microscopical Cells. Science. 1934; 80(2069):188-9.
25. Jamshaid H, Din FU, Khan GM. Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19(1):106.
26. Yasinzai M, Khan M, Nadhman A, et al. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: current drug-delivery systems and future perspectives. Future Med Chem. 2013;5(15):1877-88.
27. Awad MA, Al Olayan EM, Siddiqui MI, et al. Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, in vivo and in vitro assessment. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111294.
28. Azimijou N, Keshvari H, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, et al. Investigation the effect of silver nanoparticles and bioresonance wave radiation on Leishmania major: An in vitro study, J Appl Biotechnol Rep. 2020;7 (1): 53-58.
29. Mikhailova EO. Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application. J Funct Biomater. 2020;11(4):84.
30. Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, et al. Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res. 2000;60(1):184-90.
31. Rohde MM, Snyder CM, Sloop J, et al. The mechanism of cell death induced by silver nanoparticles is distinct from silver cations. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021;18(1):37.
32. Hashemi Z, Mohammadyan M, Naderi S, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ferula persica extract (Fp-NPs): Characterization, antibacterial, antileishmanial, and in vitro anticancer activities. Mater Today Commun. 2021;27:102264.
33. Fanti JR, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, et al. Biogenic silver nanoparticles inducing Leishmania amazonensis promastigote and amastigote death in vitro. Acta Trop. 2018;178:46-54.
2. Singh N, Kumar M, Singh RK. Leishmaniasis: current status of available drugs and new potential drug targets. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012; 5 (6): 485–97.
3. Sundar S, Chakravarty J. An update on pharmacotherapy for leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16 (2): 237-52.
4. Sundar S, More DK, Singh MK, et al. Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31 (4):1104–7.
5. Maspi N, Ghaffarifar F, Sharifi Z, et al. Immunogenicity and efficacy of a bivalent DNA vaccine containing LeIF and TSA genes against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. APMIS. 2017; 125 (3): 249–58.
6. Croft SL, Seifert K, Yardley V. Current scenario of drug development for leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res. 2006;123(3):399–410.
7. Tavakoli P, Ghaffarifar F, Delavari H, et al. Efficacy of manganese oxide (Mn2O3) nanoparticles against Leishmania major in vitro and in vivo. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2019; 56 :162-168.
8. Zazo H, Colino CI, Lanao JM. Current applications of nanoparticles in infectious diseases. J Control Release. 2016;224:86-102.
9. Karimipour-Saryazdi A, Ghaffarifar F, Tavakoli P, et al. Anti-parasitic Effects of Herbal Extract-Based Silver Nanoparticles on the Trophozoite and Cystic Forms of Acanthamoeba Protozoa. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2020; 8(3): 84-88.
10. Karimipour-Saryazdi A, Tavakoli P, Barati M, et al. Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Based on Ginger Extract: An in vitro Study. J Arch Mil Med. 2019; 7(4):e104248.
11. Tavakoli P, Ghaffarifar F, Delavari H, et al. Synthesis of Tellurium Oxide (TeO2) Nanorods and Nanoflakes and Evaluation of Its Efficacy Against Leishmania major In vitro and In vivo. Acta Parasitol. 67(1):143-152.
12. Abazari R, Mahjoub AR, Molaie S, et al. The effect of different parameters under ultrasound irradiation for synthesis of new nanostructured Fe3O4@bio-MOF as an efficient anti-leishmanial in vitro and in vivo conditions. Ultrason Sonochem. 2018;43:248-261.
13. Soosaraei M, Fakhar M, Teshnizi SH, et al. Medicinal plants with promising antileishmanial activity in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2017;21:63–80.
14. KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, et al. In-vitro and in-vivo comparative effects of the spring and autumn-harvested Artemisia aucheri Bioss extracts on Leishmania major. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;257:112910.
15. Kadkhodamasoum S, Bineshian F, KarimiPour A, et al. Comparison of the Effects of Sambucus ebulus Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Leishmania major In Vitro. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2021;21(1):49-54.
16. Mohebali M, Rezayat MM, Gilani K, et al. Nanosilver in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER): an in vitro and in vivo study. Daru. 2009;17(4):285–289.
17. Mohammadi M, Zaki L, KarimiPourSaryazdi A, et al. Efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles via ginger rhizome extract against Leishmania major in vitro. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255571.
18. Dalimi A, Karimi M, Jameie F, et al. The killing in vitro effect of Half-Wave Rectified Sine electricity plus silver nanoparticle on Leishmania major promastigotes and BALB/C mice skin leishmanial lesion healing. Trop Biomed. 2018;35(1):50-58.
19. Verma SK, Jha E, Panda PK, et al. Rapid Novel Facile Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles From Bacterial Release Induce Biogenicity and Concentration Dependent In Vivo Cytotoxicity With Embryonic Zebrafish-A Mechanistic Insight. Toxicol Sci. 2018;161(1):125-138.
20. Husain S, Verma SK, Hemlata, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of facile cyanobacterial silver nanoparticles inferred by antioxidant mechanism. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021;122:111888.
21. Mohammadi M, Shahisaraee SA, Tavajjohi A, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris extracts: characterisation, cell cytotoxicity, and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans in comparison to fluconazole. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2019;13(2):114-119.
22. Nilforoushzadeh MA, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zolfaghari-Baghbaderani A, et al. Comparison of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) and propolis hydroalcoholic extracts versus systemic glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in balb/c mice. J Vector Borne Dis. 2008;45(4):301-6.
23. Bajpai VK, Khan I, Shukla S, et al. N, P-Doped Carbon Nanodots for Food-Matrix Decontamination, Anticancer Potential, and Cellular Bio-Imaging Applications. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2020; 16(3):283–303.
24. Moldavan, A. Photo-Electric Technique for the Counting Of Microscopical Cells. Science. 1934; 80(2069):188-9.
25. Jamshaid H, Din FU, Khan GM. Nanotechnology based solutions for anti-leishmanial impediments: a detailed insight. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19(1):106.
26. Yasinzai M, Khan M, Nadhman A, et al. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: current drug-delivery systems and future perspectives. Future Med Chem. 2013;5(15):1877-88.
27. Awad MA, Al Olayan EM, Siddiqui MI, et al. Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, in vivo and in vitro assessment. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111294.
28. Azimijou N, Keshvari H, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, et al. Investigation the effect of silver nanoparticles and bioresonance wave radiation on Leishmania major: An in vitro study, J Appl Biotechnol Rep. 2020;7 (1): 53-58.
29. Mikhailova EO. Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanism of Action and Probable Bio-Application. J Funct Biomater. 2020;11(4):84.
30. Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, et al. Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res. 2000;60(1):184-90.
31. Rohde MM, Snyder CM, Sloop J, et al. The mechanism of cell death induced by silver nanoparticles is distinct from silver cations. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021;18(1):37.
32. Hashemi Z, Mohammadyan M, Naderi S, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ferula persica extract (Fp-NPs): Characterization, antibacterial, antileishmanial, and in vitro anticancer activities. Mater Today Commun. 2021;27:102264.
33. Fanti JR, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, et al. Biogenic silver nanoparticles inducing Leishmania amazonensis promastigote and amastigote death in vitro. Acta Trop. 2018;178:46-54.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i4.14258 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Silver nanoparticles Thymus vulgaris Leishmania major In vitro | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Zaki L, Mohammadi M, KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Baghkhani F, Badri M, Ghaffarifar F. In Vitro Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles via Thymus Vulgaris Extract against Leishmania major. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(4):494-504.
