Molecular Detectıon of Canine Leishmaniasis in Northern Anatolia, Turkiye
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Abstract
Background: Canin leishmaniasis (CanL), mostly caused by Leishmania infantum, is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in dogs in the Mediterranean region. In this study, we aimed to determine the disease profile in this region by firstly making microscopic and then molecular analyzes in the samples taken from the dogs.
Methods: Overall, 112 whole blood samples taken from dogs for clinical applications by a veterinarian in Cankırı between December 2021 and November 2022 were used. After blood collection, both thin and thick drop blood smear preparations were prepared and evaluated for Giemsa staining. L. infantum was investigated by Real time-PCR (RT-PCR) method from all blood samples. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree study were performed on positive samples.
Results: Both microscopic and RT-PCR analyzes were performed. In both studies, 3 of the 112 samples were positive. Because of the sequence analysis, they were L. infantum. Sequence analysis was performed from the samples found 3 positive. The phylogenetic tree was drawn by making NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology) data entries of the positive samples (Accession numbers: OQ184728, OQ184729, OQ184730).
Conclusion: Dogs are important, as they are reservoir of this disease. In this study, 3 (2.7%) positive Leishmaniasis was detected in dogs in Cankırı. Ultimately, this should prompt discussion about new strategies going forward to combat infection caused by Leishmania.
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2. Cunningham DD. On the Relation of Cholera to Schizomycete Organisms; On the Presence of Peculiar Parasitic Organisms in the Tissue of a Specimen of Delhi Boil. Superintendent of Government Printing: India; 1885.
3. Steverding D. The history of leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors. 2017; 10(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2028-5.
4. Omondi ZN, Arserim SK, Toz S, Ozbel Y. Host–Parasite Interactions: Regulation of Leishmania Infection in Sand Fly. Acta Parasitol, 2022; 67(2):606-618.
5. World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, December 12) Leishmaniasis Available from:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis#:~:text=Leishmaniasis%20is%20caused%20by%20protozoan,and%20lack%20of%20financial%20resources
6. Dantas-Torres F, Miró G, Baneth G, et al. Canine leishmaniasis control in the context of one health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25(12):1-4.
7. Baneth G, Sallono-Galleno L. Leishmaniosis. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2022; 52 (6):1359–75.
8. Kaszak I, Planellas M, Dworecka-Kaszak B. Canine leishmaniosis–an emerging disease. Ann Parasitol. 2015; 61(2):69-76.
9. World Organization for Animal Health. (OIE) (2022, December 31). Leishmaniasis. Accession adress: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/?id=169&L=1&htmfile=sommaire.htm.
10. Ready PD. Managing the spread of canine leishmaniosis in Europe. Vet Rec. 2017; 180(2): 44-6. doi: 10.1136/vr.j86.
11. Baxarias M, Martínez-Orellana P, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Immunotherapy in clinical canine leishmaniosis: a comparative update. Res Vet Sci. 2019; 125: 218-26. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.009
12. Moreno J, Alvar J. Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model. Trends Parasitol. 2002; 18(9):399-405. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02347-4.
13. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y. Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis, 2018; 55(3):173-83. doi: 10.4103/0972-9062.249125.
14. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in wild canines (fox, jackal and wolf) in northeastern Iran using parasitological, serological, and molecular methods. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2016; 10(4): 538-45.
15. Mohebali M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 2013; 8(3):348-58.
16. Ozbilgin A, Ostan I, Kurt, O, Balcıoglu, IC. Parazitolojide Laboratuvar. In: Korkmaz M, Ok UZ. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dernegi Yayın No:23. META Basımevi, Bornova, İzmir; 2011.p. 9-55.
17. Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(11): 5249-55. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5249-5255.2004.
18. Tamura K, Nei M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol. 1993; 10(3): 512-26. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023.
19. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018; 35(6): 1547-49. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096.
20. Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, et al. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med. 2017; 57:1-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012.
21. Paltrinieri S, Gradoni L, Roura X, Zatelli A, Zini E. Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2016; 45(4):552-78. doi: 10.1111/vcp.12413.
22. Moshfe A, Mohebal M, Edrissian G, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Asymptomatic infected dogs as a source of L. infantum infection. Acta Trop. 2009; 112(2);101-5. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.004.
23. Vaselek S. Canine leishmaniasis in Balkan–A review of occurrence and epidemiology. Acta Trop. 2021; 224:106110. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106110.
24. Atasoy A, Pasa S, Ozensoy Toz S, Ertabaklar H. Seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis around the Aegean cost of Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 2010; 16(1):1-6.
25. Bakırcı S, Topcuoglu AD. Molecular and serological analysis for prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Muğla region of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2021; 45(1): 11. doi: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.7010.
26. Balcıoglu, I, Ertabaklar H, Pasa S, Ozbel Y, Ozensoy T. Investigating the Seroprevalance of Leishmaniasis in Four Dog Shelters in Antalya and Its Districts. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2009; 33(1):4-7.
27. Beyhan YE, Celebi B, Ergene O, Mungan M. Seroprevalance of leishmaniasis in dogs from Hatay and Burdur provinces of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2016; 40(1): 9.
28. Bolukbas CS, Pekmezci GZ, Gurler AT, et al. Evidence of Leishmania spp. antibodies and DNA in dogs in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Anra Univer Vet Fak Derg. 2016; 63(2):111-4. doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002717
29. Coskun S, Batmaz H, Aydin L, Yilmaz F. Seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum infection of dogs in the western part of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 1997; 21(3):287-91
30. Duzbeyaz A, Sakru N, Toz S. Seroprevalence of leishmaniasis among dogs living in a municipal dog and cat shelter in Edirne. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2016; 40(2):56-8. doi: 10.5152/tpd.2016.4507.
31. Ertabaklar H, Toz OS, Sakru N, Keles E, Ozbel Y. Molecular and Serological Analysis for Prevalence of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Muğla Region of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2001; 25(2):128-31. doı: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.7010
32. Handemir E, Oncel T, Kamburgil K. Seroprevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Stray Dogs in Istanbul. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2004; 28(3):123-125.
33. Icen H, Babur C, Bademkiran S, et al. Seroprevalance of Toxoplasmosis, Leishmaiosis and Listeriosis in Shelter Dogs of Diyarbakir, Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2010; 34: 6-10.
34. Ozbel Y, Turgay N, Alkan MZ, Babaoglu A, Toz OS, Babalioglu N. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis focus in the Western Black Sea Region: Karabuk. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 2002; 26(4):362-6.
35. Ozkan TA, Babur C, Kilic S, Orgev C, Toz OS. Seroprevalence of canine Visceral leishmaniasis in stray dogs in Sakarya by indirect flourrecent antibody(IFAT). Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2003; 27(2): 97-101.
36. Tamer GS, Polat E, Toz SO, Altas K. Seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in stray dogs in Kocaeli. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2008; 32(3): 183-6.
37. Toz SO, Ertabaklar H, Ozbel Y, Balcioglu IC, Yildizli N, Alkan, M. Seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Kuşadası, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2005; 29(1): 23-6.
38. Voyvoda H, Paşa S, Toz SO, Ozbel Y, Ertabaklar H. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Aydın province and the town of Selçuk, İzmir, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2004; 28(6):1105-11.
39. Marcondes M, Day M J. Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America. Res Vet Sci. 2019; 123:261-72. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.022.
40. Apostolopoulos N, Mitropoulou A, Thom N, Moritz A. Update on therapy and prevention of canine leishmaniasis. Tierarzt Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2018; 46(5):315-22. doi: 10.15654/TPK-180089
41. Ribeiro RR, Michalick MSM, da Silva ME, Dos Santos CCP, Frézard FJG, da Silva SM. Canine leishmaniasis: an overview of the current status and strategies for control. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018:3296893. doi: 10.1155/2018/3296893.
42. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PloS One. 2012; 7(5):e35671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671.
2. Cunningham DD. On the Relation of Cholera to Schizomycete Organisms; On the Presence of Peculiar Parasitic Organisms in the Tissue of a Specimen of Delhi Boil. Superintendent of Government Printing: India; 1885.
3. Steverding D. The history of leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors. 2017; 10(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2028-5.
4. Omondi ZN, Arserim SK, Toz S, Ozbel Y. Host–Parasite Interactions: Regulation of Leishmania Infection in Sand Fly. Acta Parasitol, 2022; 67(2):606-618.
5. World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, December 12) Leishmaniasis Available from:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis#:~:text=Leishmaniasis%20is%20caused%20by%20protozoan,and%20lack%20of%20financial%20resources
6. Dantas-Torres F, Miró G, Baneth G, et al. Canine leishmaniasis control in the context of one health. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25(12):1-4.
7. Baneth G, Sallono-Galleno L. Leishmaniosis. Vet Clin Small Anim. 2022; 52 (6):1359–75.
8. Kaszak I, Planellas M, Dworecka-Kaszak B. Canine leishmaniosis–an emerging disease. Ann Parasitol. 2015; 61(2):69-76.
9. World Organization for Animal Health. (OIE) (2022, December 31). Leishmaniasis. Accession adress: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/?id=169&L=1&htmfile=sommaire.htm.
10. Ready PD. Managing the spread of canine leishmaniosis in Europe. Vet Rec. 2017; 180(2): 44-6. doi: 10.1136/vr.j86.
11. Baxarias M, Martínez-Orellana P, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Immunotherapy in clinical canine leishmaniosis: a comparative update. Res Vet Sci. 2019; 125: 218-26. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.009
12. Moreno J, Alvar J. Canine leishmaniasis: epidemiological risk and the experimental model. Trends Parasitol. 2002; 18(9):399-405. doi: 10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02347-4.
13. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y. Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis, 2018; 55(3):173-83. doi: 10.4103/0972-9062.249125.
14. Mohebali M, Arzamani K, Zarei Z, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis in wild canines (fox, jackal and wolf) in northeastern Iran using parasitological, serological, and molecular methods. J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2016; 10(4): 538-45.
15. Mohebali M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 2013; 8(3):348-58.
16. Ozbilgin A, Ostan I, Kurt, O, Balcıoglu, IC. Parazitolojide Laboratuvar. In: Korkmaz M, Ok UZ. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dernegi Yayın No:23. META Basımevi, Bornova, İzmir; 2011.p. 9-55.
17. Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H. Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(11): 5249-55. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5249-5255.2004.
18. Tamura K, Nei M. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol. 1993; 10(3): 512-26. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023.
19. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018; 35(6): 1547-49. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096.
20. Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, et al. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med. 2017; 57:1-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012.
21. Paltrinieri S, Gradoni L, Roura X, Zatelli A, Zini E. Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2016; 45(4):552-78. doi: 10.1111/vcp.12413.
22. Moshfe A, Mohebal M, Edrissian G, et al. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Asymptomatic infected dogs as a source of L. infantum infection. Acta Trop. 2009; 112(2);101-5. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.004.
23. Vaselek S. Canine leishmaniasis in Balkan–A review of occurrence and epidemiology. Acta Trop. 2021; 224:106110. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106110.
24. Atasoy A, Pasa S, Ozensoy Toz S, Ertabaklar H. Seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis around the Aegean cost of Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 2010; 16(1):1-6.
25. Bakırcı S, Topcuoglu AD. Molecular and serological analysis for prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Muğla region of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2021; 45(1): 11. doi: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.7010.
26. Balcıoglu, I, Ertabaklar H, Pasa S, Ozbel Y, Ozensoy T. Investigating the Seroprevalance of Leishmaniasis in Four Dog Shelters in Antalya and Its Districts. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2009; 33(1):4-7.
27. Beyhan YE, Celebi B, Ergene O, Mungan M. Seroprevalance of leishmaniasis in dogs from Hatay and Burdur provinces of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2016; 40(1): 9.
28. Bolukbas CS, Pekmezci GZ, Gurler AT, et al. Evidence of Leishmania spp. antibodies and DNA in dogs in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Anra Univer Vet Fak Derg. 2016; 63(2):111-4. doi: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000002717
29. Coskun S, Batmaz H, Aydin L, Yilmaz F. Seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum infection of dogs in the western part of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 1997; 21(3):287-91
30. Duzbeyaz A, Sakru N, Toz S. Seroprevalence of leishmaniasis among dogs living in a municipal dog and cat shelter in Edirne. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2016; 40(2):56-8. doi: 10.5152/tpd.2016.4507.
31. Ertabaklar H, Toz OS, Sakru N, Keles E, Ozbel Y. Molecular and Serological Analysis for Prevalence of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Muğla Region of Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2001; 25(2):128-31. doı: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.7010
32. Handemir E, Oncel T, Kamburgil K. Seroprevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Stray Dogs in Istanbul. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2004; 28(3):123-125.
33. Icen H, Babur C, Bademkiran S, et al. Seroprevalance of Toxoplasmosis, Leishmaiosis and Listeriosis in Shelter Dogs of Diyarbakir, Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2010; 34: 6-10.
34. Ozbel Y, Turgay N, Alkan MZ, Babaoglu A, Toz OS, Babalioglu N. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis focus in the Western Black Sea Region: Karabuk. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 2002; 26(4):362-6.
35. Ozkan TA, Babur C, Kilic S, Orgev C, Toz OS. Seroprevalence of canine Visceral leishmaniasis in stray dogs in Sakarya by indirect flourrecent antibody(IFAT). Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2003; 27(2): 97-101.
36. Tamer GS, Polat E, Toz SO, Altas K. Seroprevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in stray dogs in Kocaeli. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2008; 32(3): 183-6.
37. Toz SO, Ertabaklar H, Ozbel Y, Balcioglu IC, Yildizli N, Alkan, M. Seroprevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Kuşadası, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2005; 29(1): 23-6.
38. Voyvoda H, Paşa S, Toz SO, Ozbel Y, Ertabaklar H. Prevalence of Leishmania infantum and Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Aydın province and the town of Selçuk, İzmir, Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2004; 28(6):1105-11.
39. Marcondes M, Day M J. Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America. Res Vet Sci. 2019; 123:261-72. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.022.
40. Apostolopoulos N, Mitropoulou A, Thom N, Moritz A. Update on therapy and prevention of canine leishmaniasis. Tierarzt Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2018; 46(5):315-22. doi: 10.15654/TPK-180089
41. Ribeiro RR, Michalick MSM, da Silva ME, Dos Santos CCP, Frézard FJG, da Silva SM. Canine leishmaniasis: an overview of the current status and strategies for control. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018:3296893. doi: 10.1155/2018/3296893.
42. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PloS One. 2012; 7(5):e35671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035671.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i4.14257 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Canine leishmaniasis Leishmania infantum Turkiye | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Yücesan B, Özkan Özcan, Tunçer S, Öcal Z. Molecular Detectıon of Canine Leishmaniasis in Northern Anatolia, Turkiye. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(4):483-493.
