Immunization of BALB/c Mice with Killed Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii against Acute Toxoplasmosis
-
Hai-Ting Guo
,
Jie Tan
,
Yu-Lin He
,
Xia Li
,
, Xue Liang
,
Zhong-Yuan Li
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii with widespread distribution infects over one third of human populations in the world and can cause serious life-threatening diseases especially for the immunodeficient patients in acute toxoplasmosis. As the clinical pharmaceutical drugs with severe side effects for treatment and non-ideal extant vaccines for prevention, more work starves to be done for keeping advantages in the athletics.
Methods: Aluminum adjuvant and hybrid formaldehyde-killed tachyzoites of T. gondii RH and GT1 isolates were prepared to intramuscularly immunize BALB/c mice for five times at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post first injection. The triggered humoral and cellular immune responses at two weeks post the last immunization and the survival times of infected mice were examined for the hybrid immunization scheme judgement.
Results: The anti-RH and anti-GT1 specific antibodies were both increased at one week prior to challenge (P < 0.05), and the survival times of immunized mice (7.33 ± 0.71 d for RH, 7.22 ± 0.97 d for GT1) against acute toxoplasmosis were significantly prolonged by the immunizations performed in the study compared to blank control (6.67 ± 0.50 d for RH, 6.33 ± 0.71 d for GT1; P < 0.05), with the higher IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-12p70 in sera, the elevated CD3e+CD4+ T and CD3e+CD8a+ T cells, and the enhanced lymphocyte proliferation in spleen (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The hybrid killed tachyzoites with aluminum adjuvant induced humoral and cellular immune responses of mice, and offered mildly protective efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis.
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29. Zulpo DL, Igarashi M, Sammi AS, et al. rROP2 from Toxoplasma gondii as a potential vaccine against oocyst shedding in domestic cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2017; 26(1): 67-73. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612017007.
30. Mévélec MN, Lakhrif Z, Dimier-Poisson I. Key limitations and new insights into the Toxoplasma gondii parasite stage switching for future vaccine development in human, livestock, and cats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 607198. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607198.
31. Liu E, Van Grol J, Subauste CS. Atg5 but not Atg7 in dendritic cells enhances IL-2 and IFN-γ production by Toxoplasma gondii-reactive CD4+ T cells. Microbes Infect. 2015; 17(4): 275-84. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.12.008.
32. Passos ST, Silver JS, O'Hara AC, et al. IL-6 promotes NK cell production of IL-17 during toxoplasmosis. J Immunol. 2010; 184(4): 1776-83. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901843.
33. Ouyang W, Rutz S, Crellin NK, et al. Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011; 29: 71-109. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101312.
34. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003; 3(2): 133-46. doi: 10.1038/nri1001.
2. Schlüter D, Barragan A. Advances and challenges in understanding cerebral toxoplasmosis. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 242. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00242.
3. Megli CJ, Coyne CB. Infections at the maternal-fetal interface: an overview of pathogenesis and defence. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022; 20(2): 67-82. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00610-y.
4. Uddin AHMM, Hossain D, Ahsan MI, et al. Review on diagnosis and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in humans and animals. Trop Biomed. 2021; 38(4): 511-39. doi: 10.47665/tb.38.4.091.
5. Pappas G, Roussos N, Falagas ME. Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol. 2009; 39(12): 1385-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.003.
6. Tyebji S, Seizova S, Hannan AJ, et al. Toxoplasmosis: a pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019; 96: 72-92. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012.
7. Flegr J. Effects of Toxoplasma on human behavior. Schizophr Bull. 2007; 33(3): 757-60. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl074.
8. Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012; 25(2): 264-96. doi: 10.1128/CMR.05013-11.
9. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 2004; 363(9425): 1965-76. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16412-X.
10. Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022; 23(1): 3-20. doi: 10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x.
11. Nishi L, Sanfelice RADS, da Silva Bortoleti BT, et al. Moringa oleifera extract promotes apoptosis-like death in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Parasitology. 2021; 148(12): 1447-57. doi: 10.1017/S0031182021001086.
12. Yektaeian N, Malekpour A, Atapour A, et al. Genetic immunization against toxoplasmosis: a review article. Microb Pathog. 2021; 155: 104888. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104888.
13. Warner RC, Chapman RC, Davis BN, et al. Review of DNA vaccine approaches against the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol. 2021; 107(6): 882-903. doi: 10.1645/20-157.
14. Rezaei F, Sarvi S, Sharif M, et al. A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii antigens to find the best vaccine candidates for immunization. Microb Pathog. 2019; 126: 172-84. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.003.
15. Araujo FG, Remington JS. Partially purified antigen preparations of Toxoplasma gondii protect against lethal infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1984; 45(1): 122-6. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.1.122-126.1984.
16. Krahenbuhl JL, Ruskin J, Remington JS. The use of killed vaccines in immunization against an intracellular parasite: Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol. 1972; 108(2): 425-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5049090/
17. Zorgi NE, Galisteo AJ Jr, Sato MN, et al. Immunity in the spleen and blood of mice immunized with irradiated Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2016; 205(4): 297-314. doi: 10.1007/s00430-015-0447-5.
18. Brinkmann V, Remington JS, Sharma SD. Protective immunity in toxoplasmosis: correlation between antibody response, brain cyst formation, T-cell activation, and survival in normal and B-cell-deficient mice bearing the H-2k haplotype. Infect Immun. 1987; 55(4): 990-4. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.4.990-994.1987.
19. Reyes L, Frenkel JK. Specific and nonspecific mediation of protective immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun. 1987; 55(4):856-63. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.4.856-863.1987.
20. Rahimi MT, Sarvi S, Sharif M, et al. Immunological evaluation of a DNA cocktail vaccine with co-delivery of calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNs) against the Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in BALB/c mice. Parasitol Res. 2017; 116(2): 609-16. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5325-6.
21. Li ZY, Chen J, Petersen E, et al. Synergy of mIL-21 and mIL-15 in enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Vaccine. 2014; 32(25): 3058-65. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.042.
22. Horner R, Gassner JGMV, Kluge M, et al. Impact of Percoll purification on isolation of primary human hepatocytes. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 6542. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43042-8.
23. Léger JL, Pichaud N, Boudreau LH. Purification of functional platelet mitochondria using a discontinuous Percoll gradient. Methods Mol Biol. 2021; 2276: 57-66. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1266-8_4.
24. Li ZY, Lu J, Zhang NZ, et al. Immunization with plasmid DNA expressing heat shock protein 40 confers prophylactic protection against chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in Kunming mice. Parasite. 2018; 25: 37. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2018040.
25. Innes EA, Bartley PM, Maley S, et al. Veterinary vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2009; 104(2): 246-51. doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200018.
26. Zhu Y, Xu Y, Hong L, et al. Immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding the Toxoplasma gondii’s GRA39 prolongs survival and reduce brain cyst formation in a murine model. Front Microbiol. 2021; 12: 630682. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630682.
27. Falcón J, Freyre A. Toxoplasma gondii: prototype immunization of lambs against formation of muscle and brain cysts. Vet Parasitol. 2009; 166(1-2): 15-20. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.08.012.
28. Ducournau C, Moiré N, Carpentier R, et al. Effective nanoparticle-based nasal vaccine against latent and congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep. Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 2183. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02183.
29. Zulpo DL, Igarashi M, Sammi AS, et al. rROP2 from Toxoplasma gondii as a potential vaccine against oocyst shedding in domestic cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2017; 26(1): 67-73. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612017007.
30. Mévélec MN, Lakhrif Z, Dimier-Poisson I. Key limitations and new insights into the Toxoplasma gondii parasite stage switching for future vaccine development in human, livestock, and cats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 607198. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607198.
31. Liu E, Van Grol J, Subauste CS. Atg5 but not Atg7 in dendritic cells enhances IL-2 and IFN-γ production by Toxoplasma gondii-reactive CD4+ T cells. Microbes Infect. 2015; 17(4): 275-84. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.12.008.
32. Passos ST, Silver JS, O'Hara AC, et al. IL-6 promotes NK cell production of IL-17 during toxoplasmosis. J Immunol. 2010; 184(4): 1776-83. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901843.
33. Ouyang W, Rutz S, Crellin NK, et al. Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011; 29: 71-109. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101312.
34. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003; 3(2): 133-46. doi: 10.1038/nri1001.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 4 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i4.14243 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii Devitalization Aluminum adjuvant Infection | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Guo H-T, Tan J, He Y-L, Li X, Liang , X, Li Z-Y. Immunization of BALB/c Mice with Killed Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii against Acute Toxoplasmosis. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(4):435-444.
