Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii by Serological and Molecular Analyzes in Different Sheep and Goat Tissues in Northeastern Iran
-
Nima Firouzeh
,
Hamid Foroughi Borj
,
Naser Ziaali
,
Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
,
Mohammad Ahmadinejad
,
Reza Shafiei
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by compilation protozoan agent Toxoplasma gondii, leading to significant financial and quality-adjusted life-year losses. Overcooked or raw meat consumption has been a considerable transmission route. The present study was conducted to determine the seropositivity rate of T. gondii in sheep and goats by serological and molecular tests and genotyping of obtained isolates in northeast Iran.
Methods: Blood and tissue samples (diaphragm, heart) of 296 animals (including 168 sheep and 128 goats) were collected from the slaughterhouse in Quchan Country from august 2016 to April 2017. Modified agglutination test (MAT) and the PCR method performed to detect parasite DNA on tissues.PCR-RFLP method of GRA6 gene was used to determine the genotype of T. gondii. In addition, sequencing analysis was performed to evaluate the Toxoplasma type strains.
Results: Serum positive for MAT results were found in 27.4% of sheep and 23.4% of goats. Positive PCR of B1 gene results in diaphragm and heart tissues of sheep and goats was 47.8% and 26.1%, 40% and 23.3%, respectively. PCR of GRA6 gene results were positive in 10 samples that RFLP technique results using MseІ enzyme revealed genotype І. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed DNA of all samples was closely related to Toxoplasma type І.
Conclusion: Concerning the high seropositivity rate of toxoplasmosis, undertaking an appropriate preventive program for reducing the prevalence of T. gondii infection by raw or undercooked meat consumption of livestock is recommended. Our study supports the notion that these animals' consumption of raw and undercooked meat can be a probable source of human toxoplasmosis.
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2. Shojaee S, Firouzeh N, Keshavarz H, AZAMI SJ-P, Salimi M, Mohebali M. Nanosilver Colloid Inhibits Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites in Vitro. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(3):3627-.
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5. Teimouri A, Azami SJ, Keshavarz H , et al. Anti-toxoplasma activity of various molecular weights and concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles on tachyzoites of RH strain. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:1341–51.
6. Zarean M, Shafiei R, Gholami M, et al. Seroprevalence of anti– Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in healthy voluntary blood Donors from Mashhad City, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2017;20(7):441-5.
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8. Tegegne D, Abdurahaman M, Yohannes M. Seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):280.
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11. Rassouli M, Razmi GR, Bassami MR, Movassaghi AR, Azizzadeh M. Study on ovine abortion associated with Toxoplasma gondii in affected herds of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran based on PCR detection of fetal brains and maternal serology. Parasitology. 2011;138(6):691–7.
12. Aliabadi J, Ziaali PN. Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Livestocks’ Meat (Sheep, Goat, Camel), Using Nested PCR Method in Sabzavar District. Eur Online J Nat Soc Sci. 2016;5(2):368.
13. Dubey JP, Rajendran C, Ferreira LR, et al. High prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from goats, from a retail meat store, destined for human consumption in the USA. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41(8):827–33.
14. Habibi GR, Imani AR, Gholami MR, et al. Detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii type one infection in sheep aborted fetuses in Qazvin Province of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(3):64-72.
15. Fazaeli A, Carter PE, Darde ML, Pennington TH. Molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains by GRA6 gene sequence analysis. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30(5):637–42.
16. Guo M, Dubey JP, Hill D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption. J Food Prot. 2015;78(2):457–76.
17. Tavakoli Kareshk A, Mahmoudvand H, Keyhani A, et al. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in different tissues of sheep and goat in Eastern Iran. Trop Biomed. 2017;34(3):681_690.
18. Asgari Q, Sarkari B, Amerinia M, Panahi S, Mohammad-pour I, Sarvestani AS. Toxoplasma Infection in farm animals: a seroepidemiological survey in Fars province, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013;6(3):269.
19. Kamyabi H, Bahrieni M, Beigzadeh M, Harandi MF, Zia-Ali N. Risk Factors Analysis Associated with Seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii in Sheep and Goats in Southeastern Iran Using Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). Iran J Parasitol. 2008;3:1–2.
20. Raeghi S, Akaberi A, Sedeghi S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, cattle and horses in Urmia North-West of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2011;6(4):90-4.
21. Zhang N, Wang S, Wang D, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk factors in domestic sheep in Henan province, central China. Parasite. 2016;23:53.
22. Yin MY, Wang JL, Huang SY, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Tibetan Sheep in Gansu province, Northwestern China. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:41.
23. Tavakoli kareshk A, Tavakoli oliaee R, mahmoudvand H, et al. The First Survey of Isolation and Molecular Typing of Toxoplasma gondii by Bioassay and PCR Method in BALB/c Mice in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Eastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol.2018; 13(3):382-91.
24. Azizi H, Shiran B, Boroujeni AB, Jafari M. Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, cattle and meat products in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Southwest of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014;9(3):429-34.
25. Amdouni Y, Rjeibi MR, Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Awadi S, Gharbi M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) in Northwest Tunisia. Meat Sci. 2017;133:180–4.
26. Taylor S, Barragan A, Su C, et al. A secreted serine-threonine kinase determines virulence in the eukaryotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Science. 2006;314(5806):1776–80.
27. da Silva IB, de Andrade Batista TP, Martines RB, et al. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii: DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded autopsy tissues from AIDS patients who died by severe disseminated toxoplasmosis. Exp Parasitol. 2016;165:16–21.
28. Genot S, Franck J, Forel J-M, et al. Severe Toxoplasma gondii I/III recombinant-genotype encephalitis in a human immunodeficiency virus patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(9):3138–40.
29. Danehchin L, Razmi G, Naghibi A. Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains in ovine aborted fetuses in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(1):15-20.
30. Armand B, Solhjoo K, Kordshooli MS, Davami MH, Pourahmad M, Orfaee V. Toxoplasma gondii Type I, predominant genotype isolated from sheep in South of Iran. Vet World. 2017;10 (4): 386-392. In Abstract.
31. Zia-Ali N, Fazaeli A, Khoramizadeh M, Ajzenberg D, Dardé M, Keshavarz-Valian H. Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains from different hosts in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2007;101(1):111–5.
32. Xu P, Li X, Tang F, et al. Research Note Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Jinzhou, Northeastern China. Trop Biomed. 2015;32(3):563–7.
33. Gebremedhin EZ, Abdurahaman M, Hadush T, Tessema TS. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats slaughtered for human consumption in Central Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):696.
2. Shojaee S, Firouzeh N, Keshavarz H, AZAMI SJ-P, Salimi M, Mohebali M. Nanosilver Colloid Inhibits Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites and Bradyzoites in Vitro. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(3):3627-.
3. Verhelst D, De Craeye S, Vanrobaeys M, Czaplicki G, Dorny P, Cox E. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic sheep in Belgium. Vet Parasitol. 2014;205(1–2):57–61.
4. Opsteegh M, Teunis P, Züchner L, Koets A, Langelaar M, van der Giessen J. Low predictive value of seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle for detection of parasite DNA. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41(3–4):343–54.
5. Teimouri A, Azami SJ, Keshavarz H , et al. Anti-toxoplasma activity of various molecular weights and concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles on tachyzoites of RH strain. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:1341–51.
6. Zarean M, Shafiei R, Gholami M, et al. Seroprevalence of anti– Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in healthy voluntary blood Donors from Mashhad City, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2017;20(7):441-5.
7. Tavakoli kareshk A, Keyhani A, Asadi A, Zia-Ali N, Mahmoudvand H, Mohammadi AR. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among childbearing age women in Kerman city, southeastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40(4):1544–7.
8. Tegegne D, Abdurahaman M, Yohannes M. Seroepidemiology and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12(1):280.
9. Tonouhewa ABN, Akpo Y, Sessou P, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies. Vet World. 2017;10(2):194-208.
10. Sarkari B, Asgari Q, Bagherian N, et al. Molecular and serological evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in reared turkeys in Fars Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7(7):e11598.
11. Rassouli M, Razmi GR, Bassami MR, Movassaghi AR, Azizzadeh M. Study on ovine abortion associated with Toxoplasma gondii in affected herds of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran based on PCR detection of fetal brains and maternal serology. Parasitology. 2011;138(6):691–7.
12. Aliabadi J, Ziaali PN. Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Livestocks’ Meat (Sheep, Goat, Camel), Using Nested PCR Method in Sabzavar District. Eur Online J Nat Soc Sci. 2016;5(2):368.
13. Dubey JP, Rajendran C, Ferreira LR, et al. High prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from goats, from a retail meat store, destined for human consumption in the USA. Int J Parasitol. 2011;41(8):827–33.
14. Habibi GR, Imani AR, Gholami MR, et al. Detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii type one infection in sheep aborted fetuses in Qazvin Province of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(3):64-72.
15. Fazaeli A, Carter PE, Darde ML, Pennington TH. Molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains by GRA6 gene sequence analysis. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30(5):637–42.
16. Guo M, Dubey JP, Hill D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption. J Food Prot. 2015;78(2):457–76.
17. Tavakoli Kareshk A, Mahmoudvand H, Keyhani A, et al. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in different tissues of sheep and goat in Eastern Iran. Trop Biomed. 2017;34(3):681_690.
18. Asgari Q, Sarkari B, Amerinia M, Panahi S, Mohammad-pour I, Sarvestani AS. Toxoplasma Infection in farm animals: a seroepidemiological survey in Fars province, south of Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013;6(3):269.
19. Kamyabi H, Bahrieni M, Beigzadeh M, Harandi MF, Zia-Ali N. Risk Factors Analysis Associated with Seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii in Sheep and Goats in Southeastern Iran Using Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). Iran J Parasitol. 2008;3:1–2.
20. Raeghi S, Akaberi A, Sedeghi S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, cattle and horses in Urmia North-West of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2011;6(4):90-4.
21. Zhang N, Wang S, Wang D, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk factors in domestic sheep in Henan province, central China. Parasite. 2016;23:53.
22. Yin MY, Wang JL, Huang SY, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Tibetan Sheep in Gansu province, Northwestern China. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:41.
23. Tavakoli kareshk A, Tavakoli oliaee R, mahmoudvand H, et al. The First Survey of Isolation and Molecular Typing of Toxoplasma gondii by Bioassay and PCR Method in BALB/c Mice in Camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Eastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol.2018; 13(3):382-91.
24. Azizi H, Shiran B, Boroujeni AB, Jafari M. Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep, cattle and meat products in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Southwest of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2014;9(3):429-34.
25. Amdouni Y, Rjeibi MR, Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Awadi S, Gharbi M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) in Northwest Tunisia. Meat Sci. 2017;133:180–4.
26. Taylor S, Barragan A, Su C, et al. A secreted serine-threonine kinase determines virulence in the eukaryotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Science. 2006;314(5806):1776–80.
27. da Silva IB, de Andrade Batista TP, Martines RB, et al. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii: DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded autopsy tissues from AIDS patients who died by severe disseminated toxoplasmosis. Exp Parasitol. 2016;165:16–21.
28. Genot S, Franck J, Forel J-M, et al. Severe Toxoplasma gondii I/III recombinant-genotype encephalitis in a human immunodeficiency virus patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(9):3138–40.
29. Danehchin L, Razmi G, Naghibi A. Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains in ovine aborted fetuses in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54(1):15-20.
30. Armand B, Solhjoo K, Kordshooli MS, Davami MH, Pourahmad M, Orfaee V. Toxoplasma gondii Type I, predominant genotype isolated from sheep in South of Iran. Vet World. 2017;10 (4): 386-392. In Abstract.
31. Zia-Ali N, Fazaeli A, Khoramizadeh M, Ajzenberg D, Dardé M, Keshavarz-Valian H. Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains from different hosts in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2007;101(1):111–5.
32. Xu P, Li X, Tang F, et al. Research Note Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Jinzhou, Northeastern China. Trop Biomed. 2015;32(3):563–7.
33. Gebremedhin EZ, Abdurahaman M, Hadush T, Tessema TS. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats slaughtered for human consumption in Central Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):696.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i2.13188 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii Sheep Goat MAT Genotyping Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Firouzeh N, Foroughi Borj H, Ziaali N, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Ahmadinejad M, Shafiei R. Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii by Serological and Molecular Analyzes in Different Sheep and Goat Tissues in Northeastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(2):217-228.
