Seasonal Trends with the Comparison of Venous and Capillary Blood for Diagnosis of Malaria among Children in Karachi, Pakistan
-
Muhammad Ayaz Mustufa
,
Safia Bibi
,
Syed Jamal Raza
,
Syed Furqan Hasan
,
Taranum Ruba Siddiqui
,
Allah Rakhia
,
Muhammad Arif Munir
,
Ayesha Altaf Merchant
,
Waquarudin Ahmed
Abstract
Background: More than 250 million people are infected by malaria parasites annually while around one million children less than 5 years of age die every year due to malaria. We aimed to assess the seasonal trends and usefulness of capillary and venous blood for rapid diagnosis of malaria.
Methods: This cross-sectional study of 18 months duration was conducted at the National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Karachi. All patients reporting fever as chief complaint were recruited as study subjects. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, presenting complaints, awareness of caregivers regarding malaria, preventive measures and history of malaria fever. Three ml Venous (2-3ml) as well as peripheral blood (3-4 drops) samples of all patients were collected for microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs).
Results: Out of total 477 patients with fever Venous and Capillary Blood RDTs methods detected 33(6.9%) and 30(6.3%) as the malaria positive while Venous and Capillary Blood Microscopy detected 30(6.1%) and 32(6.7%) cases respectively. Plasmodium Vivax infection was the most prevalent (87.9%) and majority (39.39%) of the cases occurred in the quarter, July to September.
Conclusion: July to September is the peak season for malaria and P. Vivax (87.9%) is the predominant strain in Karachi. Venous and capillary blood are equally useful for malaria diagnosis however, convenience and less invasiveness may justify the preference of capillary blood over venous blood for early diagnosis of malaria.
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19. Memon AA, Shahid A, Mustufa MA, et al. Pattern of disease, reason of visiting and waiting time at various stages of ter-tiary care hospital. Isra Medical Journal; 2013;5(3): 200-203.
20. Cassy A, Chicumbe S, Saifodine A, Zulliger R. Factors associated with ma-laria care seeking among children un-der 5 years of age in Mozambique: a secondary analysis of the 2018 Malaria Indicator Survey. Malar J. 2022; 21(1):1-8.
21. Arama C, Maiga B, Dolo A, et al. Ethnic differences in susceptibility to malaria: what have we learned from immuno-epidemiological studies in West Africa? Acta Trop. 2015; 146:152-6.
22. Ramdzan AR, Ismail A, Zanib ZM. Prevalence of malaria and its risk fac-tors in Sabah, Malaysia. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 91:68-72.
23. Haque U, Soares Magalhães RJ, et al. The role of age, ethnicity and environ-mental factors in modulating malaria risk in Rajasthali, Bangladesh. Malar J. 2011;10(1):367.
24. Khattak AA, Venkatesan M, Nadeem MF, et al. Prevalence and distribution of human Plasmodium infection in Paki-stan. Malar J. 2013;12:297
25. Karim AM, Yasir M, Ali T, et al. Preva-lence of clinical malaria and household characteristics of patients in tribal dis-tricts of Pakistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(5): e0009371.
26. Hussain I, Qureshi N, Afzal M, Sha-heen N, Ali A, Ashraf A. Prevalence and distribution of human Plasmodium infec-tion in Federally Administrative Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Acta Parasitol. 2016; 61(3): 537-543.
27. Cassy A, Saifodine A, Candrinho B, et al. Care-seeking behavior and treatment practices for malaria in children under 5 years in Mozambique: a secondary analysis of 2011 DHS and 2015 IMASIDA datasets. Malar J. 2019; 18(1):1-0.
28. Khan NU. Frequency and seasonal var-iation of Plasmodium species in southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Paki-stan Armed Forces Medical Journal. 2014; 64(4):518-23.
29. Regmi K, Kunwar A, Ortega L. A sys-tematic review of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about malaria among the South Asian population. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2016;6(1):10.
30. Ullah Z, Khattak AA, Aziz N. Haemato-logical outcomes in progression of ma-laria: A cohort study from district Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. JPMA. 2020; 70(10):1830-3.
31. Khan MW, Khan MN, Khan RA. Epi-demiology and parasitological survey of malarial parasites in Khyber Pakh-tunkhwa, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018; 68(1):145-6.
32. Kalra S, Khandelwal D, Singla R, Ag-garwal S, Dutta D. Malaria and diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017; 67(5):810-3.
2. Siddiqy MR. Urban environment and major challenges in sustainable devel-opment: experience from Dhaka City in Bangladesh. SE Asia J Public Health. 2017; 7(1):12-6.
3. Dapi Nzefa L, Monebenimp F, Äng C. Undernutrition among children under five in the Bandja village of Cameroon, Africa. South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2019; 32(2):46-50.
4. Khan K, Wali MN, Ayub M, ur Rehman F. 47. Malaria burden in human popula-tion of Khanozai, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology. 2018; 7(1):407-12.
5. World Health Organization. World ma-laria report 2022. World Health Organi-zation; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2022
6. Qureshi NA, Fatima H, Afzal M, Khattak AA, Nawaz MA. Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plas-modium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19(1):935.
7. Khan W, Ur RA, Shafiq S, Khan K, et al. Malaria prevalence in Malakand district, the north western region of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2019 ; 69(7):946-49.
8. Dayanand KK, Kishore P, Chan-drashekar V, et al. Malaria severity in Mangaluru City in the southwestern coastal region of India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019; 100(2):275-79.
9. Al-Awadhi M, Ahmad S, Iqbal J. Current status and the epidemiology of malaria in the Middle East Region and beyond. Microorganisms. 2021 9; 9(2):338.
10. Mironova VA, Shartova NV, Beljaev AE, Varentsov MI, Korennoy FI, Gri-shchenko MY. Re-introduction of vivax malaria in a temperate area (Moscow region, Russia): A geographic investiga-tion. Malar J. 2020 ;19(1):116.
11. Umer MF, Zofeen S, Majeed A, Hu W, Qi X, Zhuang G. Spatiotemporal clus-tering analysis of malaria infection in Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(6):1202.
12. Woday A, Mohammed A, Gebre A, Urmale K. Prevalence and associated factors of malaria among febrile chil-dren in Afar region, Ethiopia: a health facility based study. Ethiop J Health Sci.2019; 29(5):613-622.
13. Njunda AL, Assob NJC, Nsagha SD, Kamga FHL, Mokenyu MD, Kwenti TE. Comparison of capillary and venous blood using blood film microscopy in the detection of malaria parasites: A hospital based study. Sci J Microbiol. 2013; 2(5): 89-94.
14. Mbanefo A, Kumar N. Evaluation of malaria diagnostic methods as a key for successful control and elimination pro-grams. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020; 5(2):102.
15. Fitri LE, Widaningrum T, Endharti AT, et al. Malaria diagnostic update: From conventional to advanced method. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022; 36(4):e24314.
16. Chagas CR, Binkienė R, Ilgūnas M, Ie-zhova T, Valkiūnas G. The buffy coat method: a tool for detection of blood parasites without staining procedures. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13(1):104.
17. Kaboré JM, Siribié M, Hien D, et al. At-titudes, practices, and determinants of community care-seeking behaviors for fever/malaria episodes in the context of the implementation of multiple first-line therapies for uncomplicated malar-ia in the health district of Kaya, Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2022; 21(1):155.
18. Mischlinger J, Pitzinger P, Veletzky L, et al. Use of capillary blood samples leads to higher parasitemia estimates and higher diagnostic sensitivity of micro-scopic and molecular diagnostics of malaria than venous blood samples. J Infect Dis. 2018; 218(8):1296-1305.
19. Memon AA, Shahid A, Mustufa MA, et al. Pattern of disease, reason of visiting and waiting time at various stages of ter-tiary care hospital. Isra Medical Journal; 2013;5(3): 200-203.
20. Cassy A, Chicumbe S, Saifodine A, Zulliger R. Factors associated with ma-laria care seeking among children un-der 5 years of age in Mozambique: a secondary analysis of the 2018 Malaria Indicator Survey. Malar J. 2022; 21(1):1-8.
21. Arama C, Maiga B, Dolo A, et al. Ethnic differences in susceptibility to malaria: what have we learned from immuno-epidemiological studies in West Africa? Acta Trop. 2015; 146:152-6.
22. Ramdzan AR, Ismail A, Zanib ZM. Prevalence of malaria and its risk fac-tors in Sabah, Malaysia. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 91:68-72.
23. Haque U, Soares Magalhães RJ, et al. The role of age, ethnicity and environ-mental factors in modulating malaria risk in Rajasthali, Bangladesh. Malar J. 2011;10(1):367.
24. Khattak AA, Venkatesan M, Nadeem MF, et al. Prevalence and distribution of human Plasmodium infection in Paki-stan. Malar J. 2013;12:297
25. Karim AM, Yasir M, Ali T, et al. Preva-lence of clinical malaria and household characteristics of patients in tribal dis-tricts of Pakistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(5): e0009371.
26. Hussain I, Qureshi N, Afzal M, Sha-heen N, Ali A, Ashraf A. Prevalence and distribution of human Plasmodium infec-tion in Federally Administrative Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Acta Parasitol. 2016; 61(3): 537-543.
27. Cassy A, Saifodine A, Candrinho B, et al. Care-seeking behavior and treatment practices for malaria in children under 5 years in Mozambique: a secondary analysis of 2011 DHS and 2015 IMASIDA datasets. Malar J. 2019; 18(1):1-0.
28. Khan NU. Frequency and seasonal var-iation of Plasmodium species in southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Paki-stan Armed Forces Medical Journal. 2014; 64(4):518-23.
29. Regmi K, Kunwar A, Ortega L. A sys-tematic review of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about malaria among the South Asian population. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2016;6(1):10.
30. Ullah Z, Khattak AA, Aziz N. Haemato-logical outcomes in progression of ma-laria: A cohort study from district Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. JPMA. 2020; 70(10):1830-3.
31. Khan MW, Khan MN, Khan RA. Epi-demiology and parasitological survey of malarial parasites in Khyber Pakh-tunkhwa, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018; 68(1):145-6.
32. Kalra S, Khandelwal D, Singla R, Ag-garwal S, Dutta D. Malaria and diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017; 67(5):810-3.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i3.13757 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Pediatrics Malaria Venous blood Capillary blood Rapid diagnostic test | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mustufa M, Bibi S, Raza S, Hasan S, Siddiqui T, Rakhia A, Munir M, Merchant A, Ahmed W. Seasonal Trends with the Comparison of Venous and Capillary Blood for Diagnosis of Malaria among Children in Karachi, Pakistan. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(3):342-350.
