Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Ardabil, Iran (2021-2022)
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can causes adverse outcomes. Regarding its importance in prenatal care, seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women was studied in Ardabil City, during 2021-2022.
Methods: In a cross–sectional study with a cluster sampling, 244 pregnant women that attended in health care centers of Ardabil City, Ardabil Province, Iran in 2021-2022 were selected. Serum samples were collected and Anti- Toxoplasma IgM (immunoglobulin M) and IgG (immunoglobulin G) was detected. Furthermore, a questionnaire filled for all participants during samples collection and risk factors assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: Participant's age ranged from 16 to 43 years with average of 23± 5.24 years. IgG anti- T. gondii antibody was detected in 22.1% of pregnant women (54/244). In none of participants IgM anti- Toxoplasmosis antibody was detected. There was no significant relationship between demographic variables and risk factors of toxoplasmosis with serology test results.
Conclusion: Approximately, 77.9% of pregnant women had no antibody against the T. gondii infection. Therefore, health education, counseling of pregnant women and screening in high-risk pregnant women is recommended to prevent from fetal complications.
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4. Nowakowska D, Stray-Pedersen B, Śpiewak E, et al. Prevalence and estimated incidence of Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Poland: a de-creasing trend in the younger population. Clin Mi-crobiol Infect. 2006; 12(9):913-7.
5. Arora N, Sadovsky Y, Dermody TS, et al. Microbi-al Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy. Cell Host Microbe. 2017; 21(5):561-567.
6. Neu N, Duchon J, Zachariah P. TORCH infec-tions. Clin Perinatol. 2015 Mar; 42(1):77-103, viii.
7. Smit GSA, Vu TLB, Do TD, et al. Prenatal diagno-sis and prevention of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Northern Vietnam: study protocol. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17(1):364.
8. Parvin I, Das SK, Ahmed S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii Infection Is Associated with Low Birth Weight: Findings from an Observational Study among Ru-ral Bangladeshi Women. Pathogens. 2022; 11(3):336.
9. Dubey JP, Lago EG, Gennari SM, et al. Toxo-plasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiol-ogy. Parasitology. 2012 Sep; 139(11):1375–424.
10. Mousavi M, Jamshidi A, Reisi JM. Serological study of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women of Nikshahr in 2012. Razi J Med Sci. 2014; 21(123):45–53.
11. Shah F, Hasnain J, Muhammad H, et al. Seropreva-lence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. J Parasit Dis. 2018;42(4):554–558.
12. Tanrıverdi EÇ, Kadıoğlu BG, Alay H, et al. Retro-spective evaluation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among first trimester pregnant women admitted to Nenehatun maternity hospital between 2013- 2017 in Erzurum. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2018; 42:101–105.
13. Olariu TR, Ursoniu S, Hotea I, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women from Western Romania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20(10):763-767.
14. Berghold C, Herzog SA, Jakse H, et al. Prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis: a retrospective analysis of mother-child examinations, Styria, Aus-tria, 1995 to 2012. Euro Surveill. 2016; 21(33):30317.
15. Daryani A, Saqqah M. Seroepidemiology of toxo-plasmosis in girls referring to the laboratory of Ar-dabil health center for premarital tests. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2004 Sep 10; 4(3):19-25.
16. Alimohammadi H, Fouladi N, Amani F, et al. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in women based on tests before marriage. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 8(4):408-413.
17. Borna S, Shariat M, Fallahi M, et al. Prevalence of immunity to toxoplasmosis among Iranian childbearing age women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Reprod Med. 2013; 11(11):861–868.
18. Aliabadi J, Khamesi S, Ghorbanpour H, et al. Se-roprevalence of IgG, IgM and IgA against Toxo-plasma gondii in pregnant women in first trimester in northern Khorasan Province, Iran. JNKUMS. 2017; 9 (2):243-252.
19. Siyadatpanah A, Soufiani KB, Barzegar G, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Amol, Northern Iran. Life Sci J. 2013; 10(2s):164–168.
20. Kalantari N, Ghaffari S, Bayani M, et al. Serological study of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in the city of Babol, northern Iran, 2012–2013. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 22:102–108.
21. Wam EC, Sama LF, Ali IM, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and as-sociated risk factors in women of child-bearing age in Njinikom, NW Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 2016; 9(1):406.
22. Sharifi K, Farash BR, Fatemeh TA, et al. Diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis by IgG and IgM antibod-ies and IgG avidity in pregnant women from Mashhad, Eastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2019; 14(4):639-645.
23. Ghadamgahi F, Bahadoran M, Shariat-Bahadori B, et al. Study of Serological Toxoplasmosis and Risk Factors Associated with Infection in Women Re-ferred to Labs of Northern Tehran, Iran. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2013, 31(248): 1257-1266.
24. Sohrabi A, Samarbafzadeh A, Makvandi M, et al. A seroepidemiological study of Parvovirus B19, Toxo-plasma gondii and Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women referring to Obs & Gyn ward of Ahwaz Imam Khomeini Hospital. Journal of Reproduc-tion & Infertility. 2007; 8(2): 171-175.
25. Tabatabaie F, Mafi M, Golestani M, et al. Sero-prevalence of and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Abyek township of Qazvin Province, Iran (2013). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2015; 8(1):1–3.
26. Cheraghipour K, Taherkhani H, Falah Moham-mad S, et al. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women admitted to the health centers of Khorram-Abad City, Iran. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2010; 17(3):46–51.
27. Pashaie Naghadeh, A, Dabirzadeh, M, Davoodi, T, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in preg-nant women in Tabas City. mljgoums. 2015; 9 (2) :119-126[In Persian].
28. Ghasemloo H, Ghomashlooyan M, Hooshyar H. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women admitted at Shahid Akbar Abadi hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2010–2013. J Med Microbiol Infec Dis, 2014, 2 (1): 16-18.
29. Akhlaghi L, Shirbazou S, Maleki F, et al. Seroepi-demiology of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Qom Province, Iran (2010). Life Sci J. 2013; 10: 322-325.
30. Sotudeh Jahromi A, Safa O, Zare S, et al. Anti–toxoplasmosis antibodies prevalence among preg-nant women admitted to hospital in Bandar Abbas. J Hormozgan Univ Med Sci. 2002; 6(4):25–30.
31. Jalai N, Olfatian Gilan b, Tavasoli A, et al. Seroepi-demiology of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women referring to health center laboratories of Bojnurd in 2013. Journal of North Khorasan Uni-versity of Medical Sciences 2013;5.
32. Malary M, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Moosazadeh M, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among Iranian pregnant women: a systematic re-view and meta-analysis. East Mediterr Health J. 2018; 24(5):488-496.
33. Adugna B, Tarekegn ZS, Damtie D, et al. Seroepi-demiology of Toxoplasma gondii Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Northwest Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2021; 14:1295-1303.
34. Ezatpour B, Zibaie M, Rahmati H, et al. Seropreva-lence of toxoplasmosis in mentally retarded patients in Iranian rehabilitation centers. J Parasit Dis. 2015; 39(1):13-7.
35. Thiébaut R, Leproust S, Chêne G, et al. Effective-ness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxo-plasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients' da-ta. Lancet. 2007; 369(9556):115-22.
36. Saki J, Shafieenia S, Foroutan-Rad M. Seropreva-lence of toxoplasmosis in diabetic pregnant wom-en in southwestern of Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2016; 40(4):1586-1589.
37. Wehbe K, Pencole L, Lhuaire M, et al. Hygiene measures as primary prevention of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: A systematic review. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2022; 51(3):102300.
2. Laboudi M, Taghy Z, Duieb O, et al. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence among pregnant women in Rabat, Morocco. Trop Med Health. 2021; 49(1):21.
3. James D, Steer Ph J, Weiner CP, et al. High- risk pregnancy management options. 5th Edition. 2017, Cambridge University. ISBN: 9781108591706.Vole 1 pp712-16.
4. Nowakowska D, Stray-Pedersen B, Śpiewak E, et al. Prevalence and estimated incidence of Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Poland: a de-creasing trend in the younger population. Clin Mi-crobiol Infect. 2006; 12(9):913-7.
5. Arora N, Sadovsky Y, Dermody TS, et al. Microbi-al Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy. Cell Host Microbe. 2017; 21(5):561-567.
6. Neu N, Duchon J, Zachariah P. TORCH infec-tions. Clin Perinatol. 2015 Mar; 42(1):77-103, viii.
7. Smit GSA, Vu TLB, Do TD, et al. Prenatal diagno-sis and prevention of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Northern Vietnam: study protocol. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17(1):364.
8. Parvin I, Das SK, Ahmed S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii Infection Is Associated with Low Birth Weight: Findings from an Observational Study among Ru-ral Bangladeshi Women. Pathogens. 2022; 11(3):336.
9. Dubey JP, Lago EG, Gennari SM, et al. Toxo-plasmosis in humans and animals in Brazil: high prevalence, high burden of disease, and epidemiol-ogy. Parasitology. 2012 Sep; 139(11):1375–424.
10. Mousavi M, Jamshidi A, Reisi JM. Serological study of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women of Nikshahr in 2012. Razi J Med Sci. 2014; 21(123):45–53.
11. Shah F, Hasnain J, Muhammad H, et al. Seropreva-lence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Charsadda, KP, Pakistan. J Parasit Dis. 2018;42(4):554–558.
12. Tanrıverdi EÇ, Kadıoğlu BG, Alay H, et al. Retro-spective evaluation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody among first trimester pregnant women admitted to Nenehatun maternity hospital between 2013- 2017 in Erzurum. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2018; 42:101–105.
13. Olariu TR, Ursoniu S, Hotea I, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women from Western Romania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20(10):763-767.
14. Berghold C, Herzog SA, Jakse H, et al. Prevalence and incidence of toxoplasmosis: a retrospective analysis of mother-child examinations, Styria, Aus-tria, 1995 to 2012. Euro Surveill. 2016; 21(33):30317.
15. Daryani A, Saqqah M. Seroepidemiology of toxo-plasmosis in girls referring to the laboratory of Ar-dabil health center for premarital tests. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2004 Sep 10; 4(3):19-25.
16. Alimohammadi H, Fouladi N, Amani F, et al. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in women based on tests before marriage. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 8(4):408-413.
17. Borna S, Shariat M, Fallahi M, et al. Prevalence of immunity to toxoplasmosis among Iranian childbearing age women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Reprod Med. 2013; 11(11):861–868.
18. Aliabadi J, Khamesi S, Ghorbanpour H, et al. Se-roprevalence of IgG, IgM and IgA against Toxo-plasma gondii in pregnant women in first trimester in northern Khorasan Province, Iran. JNKUMS. 2017; 9 (2):243-252.
19. Siyadatpanah A, Soufiani KB, Barzegar G, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Amol, Northern Iran. Life Sci J. 2013; 10(2s):164–168.
20. Kalantari N, Ghaffari S, Bayani M, et al. Serological study of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in the city of Babol, northern Iran, 2012–2013. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 22:102–108.
21. Wam EC, Sama LF, Ali IM, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and as-sociated risk factors in women of child-bearing age in Njinikom, NW Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 2016; 9(1):406.
22. Sharifi K, Farash BR, Fatemeh TA, et al. Diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis by IgG and IgM antibod-ies and IgG avidity in pregnant women from Mashhad, Eastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2019; 14(4):639-645.
23. Ghadamgahi F, Bahadoran M, Shariat-Bahadori B, et al. Study of Serological Toxoplasmosis and Risk Factors Associated with Infection in Women Re-ferred to Labs of Northern Tehran, Iran. Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2013, 31(248): 1257-1266.
24. Sohrabi A, Samarbafzadeh A, Makvandi M, et al. A seroepidemiological study of Parvovirus B19, Toxo-plasma gondii and Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women referring to Obs & Gyn ward of Ahwaz Imam Khomeini Hospital. Journal of Reproduc-tion & Infertility. 2007; 8(2): 171-175.
25. Tabatabaie F, Mafi M, Golestani M, et al. Sero-prevalence of and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Abyek township of Qazvin Province, Iran (2013). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2015; 8(1):1–3.
26. Cheraghipour K, Taherkhani H, Falah Moham-mad S, et al. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women admitted to the health centers of Khorram-Abad City, Iran. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2010; 17(3):46–51.
27. Pashaie Naghadeh, A, Dabirzadeh, M, Davoodi, T, et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasmosis in preg-nant women in Tabas City. mljgoums. 2015; 9 (2) :119-126[In Persian].
28. Ghasemloo H, Ghomashlooyan M, Hooshyar H. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women admitted at Shahid Akbar Abadi hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2010–2013. J Med Microbiol Infec Dis, 2014, 2 (1): 16-18.
29. Akhlaghi L, Shirbazou S, Maleki F, et al. Seroepi-demiology of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Qom Province, Iran (2010). Life Sci J. 2013; 10: 322-325.
30. Sotudeh Jahromi A, Safa O, Zare S, et al. Anti–toxoplasmosis antibodies prevalence among preg-nant women admitted to hospital in Bandar Abbas. J Hormozgan Univ Med Sci. 2002; 6(4):25–30.
31. Jalai N, Olfatian Gilan b, Tavasoli A, et al. Seroepi-demiology of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women referring to health center laboratories of Bojnurd in 2013. Journal of North Khorasan Uni-versity of Medical Sciences 2013;5.
32. Malary M, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Moosazadeh M, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among Iranian pregnant women: a systematic re-view and meta-analysis. East Mediterr Health J. 2018; 24(5):488-496.
33. Adugna B, Tarekegn ZS, Damtie D, et al. Seroepi-demiology of Toxoplasma gondii Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Northwest Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2021; 14:1295-1303.
34. Ezatpour B, Zibaie M, Rahmati H, et al. Seropreva-lence of toxoplasmosis in mentally retarded patients in Iranian rehabilitation centers. J Parasit Dis. 2015; 39(1):13-7.
35. Thiébaut R, Leproust S, Chêne G, et al. Effective-ness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxo-plasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients' da-ta. Lancet. 2007; 369(9556):115-22.
36. Saki J, Shafieenia S, Foroutan-Rad M. Seropreva-lence of toxoplasmosis in diabetic pregnant wom-en in southwestern of Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2016; 40(4):1586-1589.
37. Wehbe K, Pencole L, Lhuaire M, et al. Hygiene measures as primary prevention of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: A systematic review. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2022; 51(3):102300.
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| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i1.12385 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Seroprevalence Toxoplasma Toxoplasmosis Pregnant women Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sadegi Hariri S, Heidari Z, Habibzadeh S, Shahbazzadegan S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Ardabil, Iran (2021-2022). Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(1):93-99.
