Seroprevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children Up To 12 Years Old of Rural Areas from Kermanshah Province, Western Part of Iran
-
Kaveh Sedaghatmanesh
,
Hooshang Khazan
,
Behnaz Akhoundi
,
Sasan Khazaei
,
Zahra Kakooei
,
Mehdi Mohebali
Abstract
Background: After the earthquake in 2017 a few new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were reported from SarPol-e-Zahab district of Kermanshah Province, western part of Iran. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence in Kermanshah Province.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on children up to 12 years of age from SarPol-e-Zahab County, Kermanshah Province, western part of Iran in 2021. For each individual, a questionnaire including age, sex, clinical features, history of the disease, and contact with canines as reservoir hosts of VL were completed, separately. To determine VL seroprevalence, blood samples were collected from the children and after centrifugation, the sera samples were separated and tested using Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) for detection of anti-L. infantum antibodies. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS16.
Results: Totally, 13 persons were seropositive; 7 samples with titer 1:800, 3 samples had 1:1600, 2 samples had 1:3200 and 1 sample had 1:6400. None of the seropositive cases had a history of kala-azar. There was no significant difference between males and females at titers of anti-Leishmania specific antibodies.
Conclusion: L. infantum infection is being circulated with low prevalence in children up to 12 years old from SarPol-e-Zahab County but it is necessary that the surveillance system is regularly monitored among physicians and public health managers in the studied areas.
1. Mohebali M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the Epidemiological and Clinical Features. Iran J Parasitol. 2013;8(3):348-58.
2. Moradi-Asl E, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, et al. Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most important endemic area of the disease in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2017;11(4):482-96.
3. Kaiming Bi, Yuyang Ch, Songnian Zh, Kuang Y. Current visceral leishmaniasis research: a research review to inspire future study. BioMed Research International. 2018;5:1-13.
4. Alvar J, Vélez I, Bern C. Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671.
5. Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5(11):873-82.
6. Dahal P, Singh-Phulgenda S, Maguire BJ, et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis in pregnancy and vertical transmission: A systematic literature review on the therapeutic orphans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(8):e0009650
7. Moore E, Lockwood D. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(2):151-58.
8. Singh OP, Sundar S. Developments in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in the elimination era. J Parasitol Res. 2015; Article ID 239469.
9. Kumar A, Pandey SC, Samant M. A spotlight on the diagnostic methods of a fatal disease Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol. 2020;42(10):e12727.
10. De Ruiter C, Van der Veer C, Leeflang M. Molecular tools for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(9):3147-55.
11. Mohebali M, Keshavarz H, Shirmohammad S, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1-12.
12. Sarkari B, Rezaei Z, Mohebali M. Immunodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: current status and challenges: a review article. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;13(3):331-341.
13. Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ. 2006;333(7571):723-28.
14. Rostamian M, Bashiri H, Yousefinejad V, et al. Prevalence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;75:101604.
15. Shirzadi M, Esfahania S, Mohebalia M, et al. Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983-2012. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21(10):736-42.
16. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y. Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis.2018;55(3):173-183.
17. Mohebali M, Edrissian Gh, Shirzadi MR. An observational study on the current distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical zones of Iran and implication to health policy. Travel Med Infec Dis. 2011 9: 67-74.
18. Hamzavi Y, Hamzeh B, Mohebali M, et al. Human visceral leishmaniasis in Kermanshah province, western Iran, during 2011-2012. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(4):49-56.
19. El Harith A, Kolk A, Leeuwenburg J, et al. Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26(7):1321-25.
20. Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Nadim A, et al. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2006; 1(1): 15-25.
21. Mahmoudvand H, Mohebali M, Sharifi I, et al. Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Baft district, Kerman Province, Southeast of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2011;6(1):1-11.
22. Desjeux P. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2001;190(1-2):77-9.
23. WHO, 2010. Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a meeting of the WHO expert committee on the control of Leishmaniases, Geneva. WHO technical rep. series. 2010; No:949.
24. Angela Clem A. A current perspective on leishmaniasis. Glob Infect Dis. 2010; 2(2): 124–126.
25. Moshfe A, Mohebali M, Edrissian G, et al. Seroepidemiological study on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin-Shahr district, Ardabil province, Northwest of Iran during 2006-2007. Iran J Parasitol. 2008;3(3):1-10.
26. Fakhar M, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Kalantari M. Asymptomatic domestic dogs are carriers of Leishmania infantum: possible reservoirs host for human visceral leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Comp Clin Pathol. 2012;21(5):801-7.
27. Fakhar M, Kia AA, Gohardehi S, et al. Emergence of a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in Golestan Province, north-eastern of Iran. J Parasit Dis.2014; 38(3):255-59.
28. Mohebali M, Hamzavi Y, Edrissian GH, Forouzani A. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis among humans and animal reservoirs in Bushehr province, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2001; 7 (6), 912-17.
29. Abbaszadeh-Afshar MJ, Mohebali M, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of Visceral leishmaniasis among nomadic tribes of Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran: An observational study for implication to health policy. J Biostat Epidemiol. 2015; 1(3-4): 105-11.
30. Rakhshanpour A, Mohebali M, Akhondi B, Rahimi MT, Rokni MB. Serological survey and associated risk factors of visceral leish-maniasis in Qom Province, Central Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(1):50-5.
31. Torabi V, Mohebali M, Edrissian G, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of visceral leishmaniasis by direct agglutination test in Bojnoord district, north Khorasan province in 2007. Iran J Epidemiol. 2009, 4(3-4):43-50.[In Persian].
32. Khazaei S, Mohebali M, Akhoundi B, et al. Seroprevalence survey of visceral leishmaniasis among children up to 12 years old and domestic dogs in rural areas of Dehloran District, Ilam Province of west part of Iran, 2014. Novelty Biomed. 2017; 2: 78-84.
33. Chegeni S, Ourmazdi H, Mohebali M, Akhlaghi L, Sharafi M, Akhoundi B. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis (Human infection) in East Myankooh area, in Lorestan Province by Direct Agglutination Test(DAT). Yafteh. 2005;7(26):31-35.[In Persian].
34. Kargar M, Hajjaran H, Moazen J, et al. Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in an Outbreak of Re-Emerged Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwestern Iran During 2015 – 2016. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 16(3):e82209.
35. Kheyrabadi K, Mohebali M, Mamishi S, Arshi Sh. Epidemiological characteristics of kala-azar in hospitalized patients in Ardebil Province. J Public Health Inst Public Health Res. 2004;2(2):11-24.[In Persian].
36. Fakhar M, Mohebali M, Barani M. Identification of Endemic Focus of Kalaـ azar and Seroepidemiologcial Study of Visceral Leishmania Infection in Human and Canine in Qom Province, Iran. Armaghane Danesh. 2004;9(1): 43-52.[In Persian].
37. Heidari A, Mohebali M, Kabir K, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of Alborz province of Iran and implication to health policy. Korean J Parasitol. 2015; 53(4): 379–83.
2. Moradi-Asl E, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, et al. Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most important endemic area of the disease in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2017;11(4):482-96.
3. Kaiming Bi, Yuyang Ch, Songnian Zh, Kuang Y. Current visceral leishmaniasis research: a research review to inspire future study. BioMed Research International. 2018;5:1-13.
4. Alvar J, Vélez I, Bern C. Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e35671.
5. Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007;5(11):873-82.
6. Dahal P, Singh-Phulgenda S, Maguire BJ, et al. Visceral Leishmaniasis in pregnancy and vertical transmission: A systematic literature review on the therapeutic orphans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021; 15(8):e0009650
7. Moore E, Lockwood D. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(2):151-58.
8. Singh OP, Sundar S. Developments in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in the elimination era. J Parasitol Res. 2015; Article ID 239469.
9. Kumar A, Pandey SC, Samant M. A spotlight on the diagnostic methods of a fatal disease Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol. 2020;42(10):e12727.
10. De Ruiter C, Van der Veer C, Leeflang M. Molecular tools for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(9):3147-55.
11. Mohebali M, Keshavarz H, Shirmohammad S, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1-12.
12. Sarkari B, Rezaei Z, Mohebali M. Immunodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: current status and challenges: a review article. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;13(3):331-341.
13. Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ. 2006;333(7571):723-28.
14. Rostamian M, Bashiri H, Yousefinejad V, et al. Prevalence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;75:101604.
15. Shirzadi M, Esfahania S, Mohebalia M, et al. Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1983-2012. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21(10):736-42.
16. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y. Geographic distribution and spatial analysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis.2018;55(3):173-183.
17. Mohebali M, Edrissian Gh, Shirzadi MR. An observational study on the current distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical zones of Iran and implication to health policy. Travel Med Infec Dis. 2011 9: 67-74.
18. Hamzavi Y, Hamzeh B, Mohebali M, et al. Human visceral leishmaniasis in Kermanshah province, western Iran, during 2011-2012. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(4):49-56.
19. El Harith A, Kolk A, Leeuwenburg J, et al. Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26(7):1321-25.
20. Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Nadim A, et al. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2006; 1(1): 15-25.
21. Mahmoudvand H, Mohebali M, Sharifi I, et al. Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Baft district, Kerman Province, Southeast of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2011;6(1):1-11.
22. Desjeux P. The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2001;190(1-2):77-9.
23. WHO, 2010. Control of the leishmaniasis: report of a meeting of the WHO expert committee on the control of Leishmaniases, Geneva. WHO technical rep. series. 2010; No:949.
24. Angela Clem A. A current perspective on leishmaniasis. Glob Infect Dis. 2010; 2(2): 124–126.
25. Moshfe A, Mohebali M, Edrissian G, et al. Seroepidemiological study on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin-Shahr district, Ardabil province, Northwest of Iran during 2006-2007. Iran J Parasitol. 2008;3(3):1-10.
26. Fakhar M, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Kalantari M. Asymptomatic domestic dogs are carriers of Leishmania infantum: possible reservoirs host for human visceral leishmaniasis in southern Iran. Comp Clin Pathol. 2012;21(5):801-7.
27. Fakhar M, Kia AA, Gohardehi S, et al. Emergence of a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in Golestan Province, north-eastern of Iran. J Parasit Dis.2014; 38(3):255-59.
28. Mohebali M, Hamzavi Y, Edrissian GH, Forouzani A. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis among humans and animal reservoirs in Bushehr province, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2001; 7 (6), 912-17.
29. Abbaszadeh-Afshar MJ, Mohebali M, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of Visceral leishmaniasis among nomadic tribes of Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran: An observational study for implication to health policy. J Biostat Epidemiol. 2015; 1(3-4): 105-11.
30. Rakhshanpour A, Mohebali M, Akhondi B, Rahimi MT, Rokni MB. Serological survey and associated risk factors of visceral leish-maniasis in Qom Province, Central Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(1):50-5.
31. Torabi V, Mohebali M, Edrissian G, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of visceral leishmaniasis by direct agglutination test in Bojnoord district, north Khorasan province in 2007. Iran J Epidemiol. 2009, 4(3-4):43-50.[In Persian].
32. Khazaei S, Mohebali M, Akhoundi B, et al. Seroprevalence survey of visceral leishmaniasis among children up to 12 years old and domestic dogs in rural areas of Dehloran District, Ilam Province of west part of Iran, 2014. Novelty Biomed. 2017; 2: 78-84.
33. Chegeni S, Ourmazdi H, Mohebali M, Akhlaghi L, Sharafi M, Akhoundi B. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis (Human infection) in East Myankooh area, in Lorestan Province by Direct Agglutination Test(DAT). Yafteh. 2005;7(26):31-35.[In Persian].
34. Kargar M, Hajjaran H, Moazen J, et al. Molecular Identification of Leishmania Species in an Outbreak of Re-Emerged Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southwestern Iran During 2015 – 2016. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 16(3):e82209.
35. Kheyrabadi K, Mohebali M, Mamishi S, Arshi Sh. Epidemiological characteristics of kala-azar in hospitalized patients in Ardebil Province. J Public Health Inst Public Health Res. 2004;2(2):11-24.[In Persian].
36. Fakhar M, Mohebali M, Barani M. Identification of Endemic Focus of Kalaـ azar and Seroepidemiologcial Study of Visceral Leishmania Infection in Human and Canine in Qom Province, Iran. Armaghane Danesh. 2004;9(1): 43-52.[In Persian].
37. Heidari A, Mohebali M, Kabir K, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in rural areas of Alborz province of Iran and implication to health policy. Korean J Parasitol. 2015; 53(4): 379–83.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v18i1.12384 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sero-prevalence Visceral leishmaniasis Children Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sedaghatmanesh K, Khazan H, Akhoundi B, Khazaei S, Kakooei Z, Mohebali M. Seroprevalence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children Up To 12 Years Old of Rural Areas from Kermanshah Province, Western Part of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2023;18(1):85-92.
