Dermatoparasitoses in Referral Patients to the Laboratory
-
Zahra Navi
,
Faezeh Najafi
,
Niloofar Paknezhad
,
Ghazal Mousavian
,
Negar Bizhani
,
Saied Reza Naddaf
,
Gholamreza Mowlavi
Abstract
Background: Dermatoparasitic infestations due to the mites Demodex spp. and Sarcoptes scabie are prevalent dermatological disorders worldwide.
Methods: Referral patients from the Departments of Dermatology, Infectious Diseases, and from the psychologists, in some cases, to the laboratory of Medical Helminthology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran were examined and documented for demodicosis and scabies from March 2009 to December 2020. All patients’ data were collected and then analyzed statistically by SDATA version 14, using the Chi-square test.
Results: Out of 494-suspected patients suffering from dermal disorders, 99 patients (20.04%) and 20 cases (4.04%) were found infested with demodicosis and scabies, respectively. Most demodicosis cases belonged to the 46-60 year age group while the infestation rate of scabies was higher in the age group under 5 years (
1. McNair CM. Ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance: drug resistance and the need for alternative control methods. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015;67(3):351-63.
2. Enginyurt O, Karaman U, Cetin F, Ozer A. The prevalence of Demodex species and its relationship with the metabolic syndrome in women of Malatya province, Turkey. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(10) :e24322.
3. Tehrani S, Tizmaghz A, Shabestanipour G. The Demodex mites and their relation with seborrheic and atopic Dermatitis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7S1:S82-4.
4. Lacey N, Raghallaigh SN, Powell FC. Demodex mites-commensals, parasites or mutualistic organisms? Dermatology. 2011;222(2):128.
5. AYRES S. Pityriasis folliculorum (Demodex). Arch Derm Syphilol. 1930;21(1):19-24.
6. AYRES S, Anderson NP. Acne rosacea: response to local treatment for Demodex folliculorum. JAMA. 1933;100(9):645-7.
7. Ayres Jr S. Rosacea and Rosacea‐like Demodicldosis. Int J Dermatol. 1987;26(3):198-9.
8. Seifert H. Demodex folliculorum als Ursache eines solitaren tuberkuloiden granuloms. Z Hautkr. 1978;53(15):540-2.
9. Purcell SM, Hayes TJ, Dixon SL. Pustular folliculitis associated with Demodex folliculorum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(5 Pt 2):1159-62.
10. Ayres S Jr, Ayres S 3rd. Demodectic eruptions (demodicidosis) in the human: 30 years' experience with 2 commonly unrecognized entities: pityriasis folliculorum (Demodex) and acne rosacea (Demodex type). Arch Dermatol.1961;83:816-27.
11. Alvarenga LS, Mannis MJ. Ocular rosacea. Ocul Surf. 2005;3(1):41-58.
12. Forton F, Germaux M-A, Brasseur T, et al. Demodicosis and rosacea: epidemiology and significance in daily dermatologic practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(1):74-87.
13. Shirzadeh E, Bagheri A, Abdizadeh MF, Kanavi MR. Severe Rosacea: A Case Report. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2017;12(4):429-33.
14. Bielory L, Katelaris C, Lightman S, Naclerio RM. Treating the ocular component of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and related eye disorders. MedGenMed. 2007;9(3):35.
15. Gao Y-Y, Di Pascuale MA, Elizondo A, Tseng SC. Clinical treatment of ocular demodecosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil. Cornea. 2007;26(2):136-43.
16. Gao Y, Di Pascuale M, Li W, et al. In vitro and in vivo killing of ocular Demodex by tea tree oil. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(11):1468-73.
17. Tighe S, Gao Y-Y, Tseng SC. Terpinen-4-ol is the most active ingredient of tea tree oil to kill Demodex mites. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2013;2(7): 2.2-.
18. Fromstein SR, Harthan JS, Patel J, Opitz DL. Demodex blepharitis: clinical perspectives. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2018;10:57-63.
19. Arora P, Rudnicka L, Sar-Pomian M, et al. Scabies: A comprehensive review and current perspectives. Dermatol Ther. 2020:e13746.
20. Romani L, Steer AC, Whitfeld MJ, Kaldor JM. Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(8):960-7.
21. Hengge UR, Currie BJ, Jäger G, Lupi O, Schwartz RA. Scabies: a ubiquitous neglected skin disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(12):769-79.
22. Nazari M, Moradi A, Anvari PM. Epidemiological survey of Scabies in the central prison of Hamadan in 2013. Pajouhan Scientific Journal 2015;13(3):1-7.
23. Nasiri Km, Sharifi I, Khajeh Kam, Pourlashkari M. Prevalence of infectious skin diseases in the central prison of Kerman. Iran J Dermatol. 2000;1(13):19-25.
24. Rahmati Rm, Malekzad F, Rahmati Rs. Prevalence of scabies and pediculosis in Ghezel Hesar prison. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infection Disease. 2007;2(2):87-90.
25. Poudat A, Nasirian H. Prevalence of pediculosis and scabies in the prisoners of Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan province, Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007;10(21):3967-9.
26. Berenji F, Marvi-Moghadam N, Naghibozakerin Meibodi P. A retrospective study of ectoparasitosis in patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:104018.
27. Baghestani S, Zare S, Mahboobi AA. Skin disease patterns in Hormozgan. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44(8):641-5.
28. Dehghani R, Ghannaee Arani M, Zarghi I. Scabies contamination status in Iran: A review. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;3(1):86-94.
29. Hosseini-Shokouh SJ, Rahimi-Dehgolan S, Noorifard M, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Barati M, Tabibian E. The assessment of epidemiologic aspects of scabies in Iran’s Army during 2004 to 2010. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2014;12(4):163-167.
30. Cohen PR. Classic and non-classic (surrepticius) scabies: diagnostic and treatment considerations. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7419.
31. Bedair BH, Salman SD, Abtan AF. A Survey of Human Face Mites Demodex (Acari, Demodicidae) in Patients with Dermatological Symptoms in Baghdad, Iraq. Int J Surg. 2021:3827-33.
32. Durmaz S, Yula E, Aycan Kaya O, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of patients with Demodex brevis and Demodex folliculorum infestation and its association with rosacea and Behçet’s disease. Biomed Res. 2015;26(3):549-55.
33. Aylesworth R, Vance JC. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cutaneous biopsies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;7(5):583-9.
34. Horváth A, Neubrandt D, Ghidán Á, Nagy K. Risk factors and prevalence of Demodex mites in young adults. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2011;58(2):145-55.
35. Aycan OM, Otlu GH, Karaman U, Daldal N, Atambay M. Frequency of the appearance of Demodex sp. in various patient and age groups. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2007;31(2):115-8.
36. Sędzikowska A, Osęka M, Skopiński P. The impact of age, sex, blepharitis, rosacea and rheumatoid arthritis on Demodex mite infection. Arch Med Sci. 2018;14(2):353-6.
37. Sengbusch H, Hauswirth J. Prevalence of hair follicle mites, Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis (Acari: Demodicidae), in a selected human population in western New York, USA. J Med Entomol. 1986;23(4):384-8.
38. Roth A. Demodex folliculorum in hair follicles of eyelid skin. Anna Ophthalmol. 1979;11(1):37-40.
39. Riechers R, Kopf AW. Cutaneous infestation with Demodex folliculorum in man: a quantitative approach based on dermal-epidermal separation. J Invest Dermatol. 1969;52(1):103-6.
40. Zhong J, Tan Y, Li S, et al. The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cylindrical dandruff patients. J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019: 8949683.
41. Gutiérrez B, Soto R, Catalán A, Araya JE, Fuentes M, González J. Demodex folliculorum (Trombidiformes: Demodicidae) and Demodex brevis Prevalence in an Extreme Environment of Chile. J Med Entomol. 2021;58(6):2067-74.
42. Lopez-Ponce D, Zuazo F, Cartes C, et al. High prevalence of Demodex spp. infestation among patients with posterior blepharitis: correlation with age and cylindrical dandruff. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (English Edition). 2017;92(9):412-8.
43. Zhang N, Liu Y, Wen K, et al. Prevalence of Ocular Demodex Infestation in Children: An Epidemiological Survey in South China. Eye Contact Lens. 2021;47(1):60-4.
44. Zhao YE, Guo N, Wu LP. The effect of temperature on the viability of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(6):1623-8.
45. Walker GJ, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD000320.
46. Terry B, Kanjah F, Sahr F, Kortequee S, Dukulay I, Gbakima A. Sarcoptes scabiei infestation among children in a displacement camp in Sierra Leone. Public Health. 2001;115(3):208-11.
47. Karim SA, Anwar K, Khan M, et al. Socio-demographic characteristics of children infested with scabies in densely populated communities of residential madrashas (Islamic education institutes) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Public Health. 2007;121(12):923-34.
48. Hayee M, Akhtar N, Ahsan S, Ara R. The scabies problem in a village of Bangladesh. Health Today. 1998;3:68-70.
49. Pruksachatkunakorn C, Wongthanee A, Kasiwat V. Scabies in Thai orphanages. Pediatr Int 2003;45(6):724-7.
50. Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, et al. Mass drug administration for scabies control in a population with endemic disease. N Engl J Med . 2015;373(24):2305-13.
51. Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Winter B, Feldmeier H. Epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and pediculosis capitis in resource‐poor communities in Brazil. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(1):150-6.
52. Christophersen J. The epidemiology of scabies in Denmark, 1900 to 1975. Arch Dermatol.1978;114(5):747-50.
53. Shrank AB, Alexander SL. More cases of scabies. Br Med J.1968;1(5589):445.
54. Savin J. Scabies in Edinburgh from 1815 to 2000. J R Soc Med . 2005;98(3):124-9.
55. Lassa S, Campbell M, Bennett C. Epidemiology of scabies prevalence in the UK from general practice records. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(6):1329-34.
56. Kim JH, Cheong HK. Epidemiologic trends and seasonality of scabies in South Korea, 2010–2017. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(4):399-4.
57. Mimouni D, Ankol O, Davidovitch N, Gdalevich M, Zangvil E, Grotto I. Seasonality trends of scabies in a young adult population: a 20‐year follow‐up. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(1):157-9.
58. Park SY, Hong JS, Roh JY, et al. Epidemiological and clinical study of scabies in Korea: multicenter retrospective study. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(9):678-84.
59. Schofield C. Seasonsal variations in the reported incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in Scotland (1972-76). Br J Vener Dis. 1979;55(3):218-22.
60. Kutlu Ö, Aktaş H. The explosion in scabies cases during COVID‐19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(5):e13662.
61. Porsuk AÖ, Cerit Ç. Status of Scabies Cases in COVID-19 Pandemic Days. Iran J Parasitol. 2021;16(3):499-505.
2. Enginyurt O, Karaman U, Cetin F, Ozer A. The prevalence of Demodex species and its relationship with the metabolic syndrome in women of Malatya province, Turkey. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015;8(10) :e24322.
3. Tehrani S, Tizmaghz A, Shabestanipour G. The Demodex mites and their relation with seborrheic and atopic Dermatitis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7S1:S82-4.
4. Lacey N, Raghallaigh SN, Powell FC. Demodex mites-commensals, parasites or mutualistic organisms? Dermatology. 2011;222(2):128.
5. AYRES S. Pityriasis folliculorum (Demodex). Arch Derm Syphilol. 1930;21(1):19-24.
6. AYRES S, Anderson NP. Acne rosacea: response to local treatment for Demodex folliculorum. JAMA. 1933;100(9):645-7.
7. Ayres Jr S. Rosacea and Rosacea‐like Demodicldosis. Int J Dermatol. 1987;26(3):198-9.
8. Seifert H. Demodex folliculorum als Ursache eines solitaren tuberkuloiden granuloms. Z Hautkr. 1978;53(15):540-2.
9. Purcell SM, Hayes TJ, Dixon SL. Pustular folliculitis associated with Demodex folliculorum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(5 Pt 2):1159-62.
10. Ayres S Jr, Ayres S 3rd. Demodectic eruptions (demodicidosis) in the human: 30 years' experience with 2 commonly unrecognized entities: pityriasis folliculorum (Demodex) and acne rosacea (Demodex type). Arch Dermatol.1961;83:816-27.
11. Alvarenga LS, Mannis MJ. Ocular rosacea. Ocul Surf. 2005;3(1):41-58.
12. Forton F, Germaux M-A, Brasseur T, et al. Demodicosis and rosacea: epidemiology and significance in daily dermatologic practice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(1):74-87.
13. Shirzadeh E, Bagheri A, Abdizadeh MF, Kanavi MR. Severe Rosacea: A Case Report. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2017;12(4):429-33.
14. Bielory L, Katelaris C, Lightman S, Naclerio RM. Treating the ocular component of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and related eye disorders. MedGenMed. 2007;9(3):35.
15. Gao Y-Y, Di Pascuale MA, Elizondo A, Tseng SC. Clinical treatment of ocular demodecosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil. Cornea. 2007;26(2):136-43.
16. Gao Y, Di Pascuale M, Li W, et al. In vitro and in vivo killing of ocular Demodex by tea tree oil. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(11):1468-73.
17. Tighe S, Gao Y-Y, Tseng SC. Terpinen-4-ol is the most active ingredient of tea tree oil to kill Demodex mites. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2013;2(7): 2.2-.
18. Fromstein SR, Harthan JS, Patel J, Opitz DL. Demodex blepharitis: clinical perspectives. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2018;10:57-63.
19. Arora P, Rudnicka L, Sar-Pomian M, et al. Scabies: A comprehensive review and current perspectives. Dermatol Ther. 2020:e13746.
20. Romani L, Steer AC, Whitfeld MJ, Kaldor JM. Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(8):960-7.
21. Hengge UR, Currie BJ, Jäger G, Lupi O, Schwartz RA. Scabies: a ubiquitous neglected skin disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(12):769-79.
22. Nazari M, Moradi A, Anvari PM. Epidemiological survey of Scabies in the central prison of Hamadan in 2013. Pajouhan Scientific Journal 2015;13(3):1-7.
23. Nasiri Km, Sharifi I, Khajeh Kam, Pourlashkari M. Prevalence of infectious skin diseases in the central prison of Kerman. Iran J Dermatol. 2000;1(13):19-25.
24. Rahmati Rm, Malekzad F, Rahmati Rs. Prevalence of scabies and pediculosis in Ghezel Hesar prison. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infection Disease. 2007;2(2):87-90.
25. Poudat A, Nasirian H. Prevalence of pediculosis and scabies in the prisoners of Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan province, Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007;10(21):3967-9.
26. Berenji F, Marvi-Moghadam N, Naghibozakerin Meibodi P. A retrospective study of ectoparasitosis in patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:104018.
27. Baghestani S, Zare S, Mahboobi AA. Skin disease patterns in Hormozgan. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44(8):641-5.
28. Dehghani R, Ghannaee Arani M, Zarghi I. Scabies contamination status in Iran: A review. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;3(1):86-94.
29. Hosseini-Shokouh SJ, Rahimi-Dehgolan S, Noorifard M, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Barati M, Tabibian E. The assessment of epidemiologic aspects of scabies in Iran’s Army during 2004 to 2010. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2014;12(4):163-167.
30. Cohen PR. Classic and non-classic (surrepticius) scabies: diagnostic and treatment considerations. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7419.
31. Bedair BH, Salman SD, Abtan AF. A Survey of Human Face Mites Demodex (Acari, Demodicidae) in Patients with Dermatological Symptoms in Baghdad, Iraq. Int J Surg. 2021:3827-33.
32. Durmaz S, Yula E, Aycan Kaya O, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of patients with Demodex brevis and Demodex folliculorum infestation and its association with rosacea and Behçet’s disease. Biomed Res. 2015;26(3):549-55.
33. Aylesworth R, Vance JC. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cutaneous biopsies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;7(5):583-9.
34. Horváth A, Neubrandt D, Ghidán Á, Nagy K. Risk factors and prevalence of Demodex mites in young adults. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2011;58(2):145-55.
35. Aycan OM, Otlu GH, Karaman U, Daldal N, Atambay M. Frequency of the appearance of Demodex sp. in various patient and age groups. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2007;31(2):115-8.
36. Sędzikowska A, Osęka M, Skopiński P. The impact of age, sex, blepharitis, rosacea and rheumatoid arthritis on Demodex mite infection. Arch Med Sci. 2018;14(2):353-6.
37. Sengbusch H, Hauswirth J. Prevalence of hair follicle mites, Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis (Acari: Demodicidae), in a selected human population in western New York, USA. J Med Entomol. 1986;23(4):384-8.
38. Roth A. Demodex folliculorum in hair follicles of eyelid skin. Anna Ophthalmol. 1979;11(1):37-40.
39. Riechers R, Kopf AW. Cutaneous infestation with Demodex folliculorum in man: a quantitative approach based on dermal-epidermal separation. J Invest Dermatol. 1969;52(1):103-6.
40. Zhong J, Tan Y, Li S, et al. The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cylindrical dandruff patients. J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019: 8949683.
41. Gutiérrez B, Soto R, Catalán A, Araya JE, Fuentes M, González J. Demodex folliculorum (Trombidiformes: Demodicidae) and Demodex brevis Prevalence in an Extreme Environment of Chile. J Med Entomol. 2021;58(6):2067-74.
42. Lopez-Ponce D, Zuazo F, Cartes C, et al. High prevalence of Demodex spp. infestation among patients with posterior blepharitis: correlation with age and cylindrical dandruff. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (English Edition). 2017;92(9):412-8.
43. Zhang N, Liu Y, Wen K, et al. Prevalence of Ocular Demodex Infestation in Children: An Epidemiological Survey in South China. Eye Contact Lens. 2021;47(1):60-4.
44. Zhao YE, Guo N, Wu LP. The effect of temperature on the viability of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. Parasitol Res. 2009;105(6):1623-8.
45. Walker GJ, Johnstone P. Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD000320.
46. Terry B, Kanjah F, Sahr F, Kortequee S, Dukulay I, Gbakima A. Sarcoptes scabiei infestation among children in a displacement camp in Sierra Leone. Public Health. 2001;115(3):208-11.
47. Karim SA, Anwar K, Khan M, et al. Socio-demographic characteristics of children infested with scabies in densely populated communities of residential madrashas (Islamic education institutes) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Public Health. 2007;121(12):923-34.
48. Hayee M, Akhtar N, Ahsan S, Ara R. The scabies problem in a village of Bangladesh. Health Today. 1998;3:68-70.
49. Pruksachatkunakorn C, Wongthanee A, Kasiwat V. Scabies in Thai orphanages. Pediatr Int 2003;45(6):724-7.
50. Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, et al. Mass drug administration for scabies control in a population with endemic disease. N Engl J Med . 2015;373(24):2305-13.
51. Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Winter B, Feldmeier H. Epidemiology and morbidity of scabies and pediculosis capitis in resource‐poor communities in Brazil. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(1):150-6.
52. Christophersen J. The epidemiology of scabies in Denmark, 1900 to 1975. Arch Dermatol.1978;114(5):747-50.
53. Shrank AB, Alexander SL. More cases of scabies. Br Med J.1968;1(5589):445.
54. Savin J. Scabies in Edinburgh from 1815 to 2000. J R Soc Med . 2005;98(3):124-9.
55. Lassa S, Campbell M, Bennett C. Epidemiology of scabies prevalence in the UK from general practice records. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(6):1329-34.
56. Kim JH, Cheong HK. Epidemiologic trends and seasonality of scabies in South Korea, 2010–2017. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(4):399-4.
57. Mimouni D, Ankol O, Davidovitch N, Gdalevich M, Zangvil E, Grotto I. Seasonality trends of scabies in a young adult population: a 20‐year follow‐up. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(1):157-9.
58. Park SY, Hong JS, Roh JY, et al. Epidemiological and clinical study of scabies in Korea: multicenter retrospective study. Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(9):678-84.
59. Schofield C. Seasonsal variations in the reported incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in Scotland (1972-76). Br J Vener Dis. 1979;55(3):218-22.
60. Kutlu Ö, Aktaş H. The explosion in scabies cases during COVID‐19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(5):e13662.
61. Porsuk AÖ, Cerit Ç. Status of Scabies Cases in COVID-19 Pandemic Days. Iran J Parasitol. 2021;16(3):499-505.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v17i3.10630 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Dermatoparasitoses Sarcoptes scabiei Demodex Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Navi Z, Najafi F, Paknezhad N, Mousavian G, Bizhani N, Naddaf SR, Mowlavi G. Dermatoparasitoses in Referral Patients to the Laboratory. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(3):393-401.
