Application of Ziehl Neelsen Staining Method for Taenia spp. Eggs Differentiation
Abstract
Background: Three of Taenia species, named Taenia saginata, T. solium and T. asiatica can be found in Indonesia, but only T. solium can lead to neurocysticercosis. The morphology of those 3 Taenia spp. egg is indistinguishable by standard parasitology procedure. We aimed to use Ziehl Neelsen staining for differentiation of eggs of T. saginata and T. solium.
Methods: As many as 40 containers of stool samples from the positive helminthiasis patients in Jakarta, Indonesia were collected during the year 2018. From each container, 10 slides prepared for staining with Kato-Katz technique as the preliminary examination. From those stool samples with positive taeniasis, we then once again made 10 slides/container for Ziehl Neelsen staining.
Results: The first 400 slides stained with Kato-Katz technique as preliminary test were all positive for Taenia spp. The second 400 slides, we got 244 slides that gave good results as we could distinguished between the eggs of T. saginata and T. solium, meanwhile the remainder 156 slides gave unconfirmed results. From those 244 slides, 154 slides showed T. saginata eggs with magenta colored and 90 slides showed T. solium eggs with blue/purple colored. The eggs of T. solium slightly smaller if compared to Taenia saginata and had round shape, meanwhile T. saginata eggs were oval in shape.
Conclusion: Ziehl Neelsen staining method can be used as an alternative parasitological method to differentiate the eggs of T. saginata and T. solium.
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8. Song SM, Yun HS, VanBik D, et al. Ten Cases of Taenia saginata Infection Confirmed by Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA Region in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(4):417.
9. Okello AL, Thomas LF. Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2017;10:107.
10. Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH. Taenia solium cysticercosis and its impact in neurological disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(3):e00085-19.
11. Samorek-Pieróg M, Karamon J, Cencek T. Identification and control of sources of Taenia solium infection–the attempts to eradicate the parasite. J Vet Res. 2018;62(1):27.
12. Reddy DS, Volkmer II R. Neurocysticercosis as an infectious acquired epilepsy worldwide. Seizure. 2017;52:176-81.
13. El-Kady AM, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Abler B, Elsayed M. Psychiatric Disorders of Neurocysticercosis: Narrative Review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:1599-1610.
14. Wu H-W, Ito A, Ai L, Zhou X-N, Acosta LP, Lee Willingham Iii A. Cysticercosis/taeniasis endemicity in Southeast Asia: Current status and control measures. Acta Trop. 2017;165:121-32.
15. Palma S, Chile N, Carmen-Orozco RP, et al. In vitro model of postoncosphere development, and in vivo infection abilities of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(3):e0007261.
16. Garcia HH, O'Neal SE, Noh J, Handali S, Kraft CS. Laboratory Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium). J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(9):e00424-18.
17. Mwape KE, Gabriël S. The parasitological, immunological, and molecular diagnosis of human taeniasis with special emphasis on Taenia solium taeniasis. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2014;1(4):173-80.
18. Organization WH. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis diagnostic tools: report of a stakeholder meeting, Geneva, 17-18 December 2015. 2016.
19. Capron A, Rose F. [On the composition of helminth eggs. II. Alcohol-acid-resistance in cestodes. Difference of Ziehl stainability of embryophores of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1962;55:765-7.
20. Charoensuk L, Subrungruang I, Mungthin M, Pinlaor S, Suwannahitatorn P. Comparison of stool examination techniques to detect Opisthorchis viverrini in low intensity infection. Acta Trop. 2019;191:13-6.
21. Atlas R, Snyder J. Reagents, stains, and media: bacteriology. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition: American Society of Microbiology; 2015. p. 316-49.
22. Turner HC, Bettis AA, Dunn JC, et al. Economic Considerations for Moving beyond the Kato-Katz Technique for Diagnosing Intestinal Parasites As We Move Towards Elimination. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(6):435-43.
23. Ngwese MM, Manouana GP, Moure PAN, Ramharter M, Esen M, Adégnika AA. Diagnostic techniques of soil-transmitted helminths: Impact on control measures. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5(2).
24. Bosch F, Palmeirim MS, Ali SM, Ame SM, Hattendorf J, Keiser J. Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths using the Kato-Katz technique: What is the influence of stirring, storage time and storage temperature on stool sample egg counts? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1):e0009032.
25. Gómez-Morales MÁ, Pezzotti P, Ludovisi A, et al. Collaborative Studies for the Detection of Taenia spp. Infections in Humans within CYSTINET, the European Network on Taeniosis/Cysticercosis. Microorganisms. 2021;9(6):1173.
26. Lee J, Ryu J-S. Current Status of Parasite Infections in Indonesia: A Literature Review. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(4):329-39.
27. Dunn JC, Papaiakovou M, Han KT, et al. The increased sensitivity of qPCR in comparison to Kato-Katz is required for the accurate assessment of the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infection in settings that have received multiple rounds of mass drug administration. Parasites & Vectors. 2020;13(1):1-11.
28. Oishi CY, do Rocio Klisiowicz D, Seguí R, et al. Reduced prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and high frequency of protozoan infections in the surrounding urban area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2019;7:e00115.
29. Amer O, Alanazi WS, Alshammari HS, Alghaithi AM, Alenezi AM. Human taeniasis among housemaids in Hail, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2019; 3(6): 549-552.
30. Jimenez JA, Rodriguez S, Moyano LM, Castillo Y, García HH. Differentiating Taenia eggs found in human stools: does Ziehl-Neelsen staining help? Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(9):1077-81.
31. Eichenberger RM, Thomas LF, Gabriël S, et al. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia. Parasites & Vectors. 2020;13:1-11.
32. Yanagida T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, et al. Origin of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Bali and Papua, Indonesia. Parasitol Int. 2021;83:102285.
2. Symeonidou I, Arsenopoulos K, Tzilves D, Soba B, Gabriël S, Papadopoulos E. Human taeniasis/cysticercosis: a potentially emerging parasitic disease in Europe. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018;31(4):406-12.
3. Sato MO, Sato M, Yanagida T, et al. Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Taenia asiatica, their hybrids and other helminthic infections occurring in a neglected tropical diseases' highly endemic area in Lao PDR. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(2):e0006260.
4. García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH, Peru CWGi. Taenia solium cysticercosis. The Lancet. 2003;362(9383):547-56.
5. Pawlowski ZS, Murrell K. Taeniasis and cysticercosis. Foodborne Disease Handbook Second Edition, Revised and Expanded Volume 2: Viruses, Parasites, Pathogens, and HACCP: CRC Press; 2018. p. 217-28.
6. Ito A, Li T, Wandra T, et al. Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia: A review with emphasis on molecular approaches and local lifestyles. Acta Trop. 2019;198:105075.
7. Lesh EJ, Brady MF. Tapeworm. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
8. Song SM, Yun HS, VanBik D, et al. Ten Cases of Taenia saginata Infection Confirmed by Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA Region in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(4):417.
9. Okello AL, Thomas LF. Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2017;10:107.
10. Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH. Taenia solium cysticercosis and its impact in neurological disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(3):e00085-19.
11. Samorek-Pieróg M, Karamon J, Cencek T. Identification and control of sources of Taenia solium infection–the attempts to eradicate the parasite. J Vet Res. 2018;62(1):27.
12. Reddy DS, Volkmer II R. Neurocysticercosis as an infectious acquired epilepsy worldwide. Seizure. 2017;52:176-81.
13. El-Kady AM, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Abler B, Elsayed M. Psychiatric Disorders of Neurocysticercosis: Narrative Review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:1599-1610.
14. Wu H-W, Ito A, Ai L, Zhou X-N, Acosta LP, Lee Willingham Iii A. Cysticercosis/taeniasis endemicity in Southeast Asia: Current status and control measures. Acta Trop. 2017;165:121-32.
15. Palma S, Chile N, Carmen-Orozco RP, et al. In vitro model of postoncosphere development, and in vivo infection abilities of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(3):e0007261.
16. Garcia HH, O'Neal SE, Noh J, Handali S, Kraft CS. Laboratory Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium). J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(9):e00424-18.
17. Mwape KE, Gabriël S. The parasitological, immunological, and molecular diagnosis of human taeniasis with special emphasis on Taenia solium taeniasis. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2014;1(4):173-80.
18. Organization WH. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis diagnostic tools: report of a stakeholder meeting, Geneva, 17-18 December 2015. 2016.
19. Capron A, Rose F. [On the composition of helminth eggs. II. Alcohol-acid-resistance in cestodes. Difference of Ziehl stainability of embryophores of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1962;55:765-7.
20. Charoensuk L, Subrungruang I, Mungthin M, Pinlaor S, Suwannahitatorn P. Comparison of stool examination techniques to detect Opisthorchis viverrini in low intensity infection. Acta Trop. 2019;191:13-6.
21. Atlas R, Snyder J. Reagents, stains, and media: bacteriology. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition: American Society of Microbiology; 2015. p. 316-49.
22. Turner HC, Bettis AA, Dunn JC, et al. Economic Considerations for Moving beyond the Kato-Katz Technique for Diagnosing Intestinal Parasites As We Move Towards Elimination. Trends Parasitol. 2017;33(6):435-43.
23. Ngwese MM, Manouana GP, Moure PAN, Ramharter M, Esen M, Adégnika AA. Diagnostic techniques of soil-transmitted helminths: Impact on control measures. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5(2).
24. Bosch F, Palmeirim MS, Ali SM, Ame SM, Hattendorf J, Keiser J. Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths using the Kato-Katz technique: What is the influence of stirring, storage time and storage temperature on stool sample egg counts? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1):e0009032.
25. Gómez-Morales MÁ, Pezzotti P, Ludovisi A, et al. Collaborative Studies for the Detection of Taenia spp. Infections in Humans within CYSTINET, the European Network on Taeniosis/Cysticercosis. Microorganisms. 2021;9(6):1173.
26. Lee J, Ryu J-S. Current Status of Parasite Infections in Indonesia: A Literature Review. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57(4):329-39.
27. Dunn JC, Papaiakovou M, Han KT, et al. The increased sensitivity of qPCR in comparison to Kato-Katz is required for the accurate assessment of the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infection in settings that have received multiple rounds of mass drug administration. Parasites & Vectors. 2020;13(1):1-11.
28. Oishi CY, do Rocio Klisiowicz D, Seguí R, et al. Reduced prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and high frequency of protozoan infections in the surrounding urban area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2019;7:e00115.
29. Amer O, Alanazi WS, Alshammari HS, Alghaithi AM, Alenezi AM. Human taeniasis among housemaids in Hail, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2019; 3(6): 549-552.
30. Jimenez JA, Rodriguez S, Moyano LM, Castillo Y, García HH. Differentiating Taenia eggs found in human stools: does Ziehl-Neelsen staining help? Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(9):1077-81.
31. Eichenberger RM, Thomas LF, Gabriël S, et al. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia. Parasites & Vectors. 2020;13:1-11.
32. Yanagida T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, et al. Origin of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Bali and Papua, Indonesia. Parasitol Int. 2021;83:102285.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v17i3.10623 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Eggs Kato-Katz Taenia saginata Taenia solium Ziehl Neelsen | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Machrumizar M, Devita A, Yuliana Y, Tan S. Application of Ziehl Neelsen Staining Method for Taenia spp. Eggs Differentiation. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(3):332-338.
