Isolation and Identification of Free Living Amoeba from Patients and Contact Lens Users in Iran
-
Masoomeh Jalilehvand
,
Elham Hajialilo
,
Yasaman Ghiasi
,
Saba Rostamian
,
Fatemeh Taherkhani
,
Fatemeh Kazemi
,
Sima Hashemipour
,
Milad Badri
,
Behzad Bijani
,
Amir Javadi
,
Mehrzad Saraei
,
Sepideh Hajian
,
Peyman Heydarian
,
Ali Sarbazi Golezari
Abstract
Background: Free-living amoebae (FLA) such as Acanthamoeba spp., are considered as opportunistic and pathogenic protozoans. Acanthamoeba granulomatous encephalitis (AGE) is a serious threat for immunodeficient patients and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) for contact lens users. We aimed to identify the presence of free living amoebae in nasal swabs of patients and contact lens users in Qazvin, Iran.
Methods: During 2019, 251 nasal and oral swabs (including the pharynx and mouth) were collected from patients with diabetes, AIDS and those under periodic dialysis in Qazvin, Iran. In addition, 27 soft contact lenses were collected from the participants. Following DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing were conducted to identify the genotypes of the amoeba. Phylogenetic analysis of the identified sequences was performed using MEGA 7 software.
Results: A strain of Acanthamoeba belonging to the T3 genotype was isolated from hemodialysis patients. Two specimens of Acanthamoeba with T3 genotype were isolated from keratitis patients.
Conclusion: The clinicians should pay attention to the possible complication of this organism because this amoeba is potentially pathogenic for immunocompromised patients. Since the amoeba is present in environmental resources, the use of contact lenses should be accompanied by considering proper hygiene.
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FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006;30(4):564-95.
2. Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;50(1):1-26.
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5. Johnston SP, Sriram R, Qvarnstrom Y, et al. Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection in multiple contact lens solutions. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2040-5.
6. Niyyati M, Rezaeian M. Current status of Acanthamoeba in Iran: a narrative review article. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(2):157-163.
7. Hajialilo E, Niyyati M, Solaymani M, et al. Pathogenic free-living amoebae isolated from contact lenses of keratitis patients. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(4):541-6.
8. Hajialilo E, Behnia M, Tarighi F, et al. Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba strains (T4, T9, and T11) from amoebic keratitis patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(8):3147-51.
9. Maghsood AH, Sissons J, Rezaian M, et al. Acanthamoeba genotype T4 from the UK and Iran and isolation of the T2 genotype from clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(8):755-759.
10. Memari F, Niyyati M, Haghighi A, et al. Occurrence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes in nasal swabs of cancer patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(5):1907-12.
11. Memari F, Niyyati M, Lorenzo-Morales J, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunosuppressed individuals in Tehran, Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2016;61(3):451-5.
12. Niyyati M, Arab-Mazar Z, Lasjerdi Z, et al. Molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from the oral cavity of hemodialysis patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2017;116(11):2965-2969.
13. Arab-Mazar Z, Niyyati M, Lasjerdi Z, et al. Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae isolated from nasal and oral mucosa of HIV/AIDS patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2019;118(10):3061-3066.
14. Nuprasert W, Putaporntip C, Pariyakanok L, et al. Identification of a novel T17 genotype of Acanthamoeba from environmental isolates and T10 genotype causing keratitis in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(12):4636-40.
15. Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Köhsler M, et al. Acanthamoeba misidentification and multiple labels: redefining genotypes T16, T19, and T20 and proposal for Acanthamoeba micheli sp. nov.(genotype T19). Parasitol Res. 2015;114(7):2481-90.
16. Khan NA. Pathogenicity, morphology, and differentiation of Acanthamoeba. Curr Microbiol. 2001;43(6):391-5.
17. Kaul D, Lowe L, Visvesvara G, et al. Acanthamoeba infection in a patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease occurring during treatment with voriconazole. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10(6):437-41.
18. Dendana F, Sellami H, Jarraya F, et al. Free-living amoebae (FLA): detection, morphological and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba genus in the hydraulic system of an haemodialysis unit in Tunisia. Parasite. 2008;15(2):137-42.
19. Rivera F, Rosas I, Castillo M, et al. Pathogenic and free-living protozoa cultured from the nasopharyngeal and oral regions of dental patients: II. Environ Res. 1986;39(2):364-71.
20. Paknejad N, Hajialilo E, Saraei M, et al. Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba genotypes and Naegleria spp. from the water samples of public swimming pools in Qazvin, Iran. J Water Health. 2020;18(2):244-251.
21. Rafsanjani MK, Hajialilo E, Saraei M, et al. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria from Agricultural Water Canal in Qazvin, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(3):393-402.
22. Memari F, Niyyati M, Joneidi Z. Pathogenic Acanthamoeba T4 genotype isolated from mucosal tissue of a patient with HIV infection: a case report. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12(1):143-147.
23. Niyyati M, Naghahi A, Behniafar H, et al. Occurrence of Free-living Amoebae in Nasal Swaps of Patients of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Critical Care Unit (CCU) and Their Surrounding Environments. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(6):908-913.
24. Ghane Azabadi O, Didgar F, Zarinfar N, et al. Detection of free living amoeba Acanthamoeba in the nasal and oral discharges of HIV/HIV-Sample in Arak. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2019;19(4):430-8.
25. Eslamirad Z, Didehdar M, Moini A, et al. Evaluating pulmonary samples of immunodeficient patients for a free-living amoeba: Acanthamoeba in BAL Samples. Research in Molecular Medicine. 2020;8(1):43-48.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006;30(4):564-95.
2. Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;50(1):1-26.
3. Khan NA. Acanthamoeba. Biology and pathogenesis. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-43-1.
4. Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34(9):1001-27.
5. Johnston SP, Sriram R, Qvarnstrom Y, et al. Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to disinfection in multiple contact lens solutions. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2040-5.
6. Niyyati M, Rezaeian M. Current status of Acanthamoeba in Iran: a narrative review article. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(2):157-163.
7. Hajialilo E, Niyyati M, Solaymani M, et al. Pathogenic free-living amoebae isolated from contact lenses of keratitis patients. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(4):541-6.
8. Hajialilo E, Behnia M, Tarighi F, et al. Isolation and genotyping of Acanthamoeba strains (T4, T9, and T11) from amoebic keratitis patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(8):3147-51.
9. Maghsood AH, Sissons J, Rezaian M, et al. Acanthamoeba genotype T4 from the UK and Iran and isolation of the T2 genotype from clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54(8):755-759.
10. Memari F, Niyyati M, Haghighi A, et al. Occurrence of pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes in nasal swabs of cancer patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2015;114(5):1907-12.
11. Memari F, Niyyati M, Lorenzo-Morales J, et al. Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunosuppressed individuals in Tehran, Iran. Acta Parasitol. 2016;61(3):451-5.
12. Niyyati M, Arab-Mazar Z, Lasjerdi Z, et al. Molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from the oral cavity of hemodialysis patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2017;116(11):2965-2969.
13. Arab-Mazar Z, Niyyati M, Lasjerdi Z, et al. Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae isolated from nasal and oral mucosa of HIV/AIDS patients in Iran. Parasitol Res. 2019;118(10):3061-3066.
14. Nuprasert W, Putaporntip C, Pariyakanok L, et al. Identification of a novel T17 genotype of Acanthamoeba from environmental isolates and T10 genotype causing keratitis in Thailand. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(12):4636-40.
15. Corsaro D, Walochnik J, Köhsler M, et al. Acanthamoeba misidentification and multiple labels: redefining genotypes T16, T19, and T20 and proposal for Acanthamoeba micheli sp. nov.(genotype T19). Parasitol Res. 2015;114(7):2481-90.
16. Khan NA. Pathogenicity, morphology, and differentiation of Acanthamoeba. Curr Microbiol. 2001;43(6):391-5.
17. Kaul D, Lowe L, Visvesvara G, et al. Acanthamoeba infection in a patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease occurring during treatment with voriconazole. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008;10(6):437-41.
18. Dendana F, Sellami H, Jarraya F, et al. Free-living amoebae (FLA): detection, morphological and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba genus in the hydraulic system of an haemodialysis unit in Tunisia. Parasite. 2008;15(2):137-42.
19. Rivera F, Rosas I, Castillo M, et al. Pathogenic and free-living protozoa cultured from the nasopharyngeal and oral regions of dental patients: II. Environ Res. 1986;39(2):364-71.
20. Paknejad N, Hajialilo E, Saraei M, et al. Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba genotypes and Naegleria spp. from the water samples of public swimming pools in Qazvin, Iran. J Water Health. 2020;18(2):244-251.
21. Rafsanjani MK, Hajialilo E, Saraei M, et al. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria from Agricultural Water Canal in Qazvin, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(3):393-402.
22. Memari F, Niyyati M, Joneidi Z. Pathogenic Acanthamoeba T4 genotype isolated from mucosal tissue of a patient with HIV infection: a case report. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12(1):143-147.
23. Niyyati M, Naghahi A, Behniafar H, et al. Occurrence of Free-living Amoebae in Nasal Swaps of Patients of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Critical Care Unit (CCU) and Their Surrounding Environments. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(6):908-913.
24. Ghane Azabadi O, Didgar F, Zarinfar N, et al. Detection of free living amoeba Acanthamoeba in the nasal and oral discharges of HIV/HIV-Sample in Arak. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2019;19(4):430-8.
25. Eslamirad Z, Didehdar M, Moini A, et al. Evaluating pulmonary samples of immunodeficient patients for a free-living amoeba: Acanthamoeba in BAL Samples. Research in Molecular Medicine. 2020;8(1):43-48.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v17i2.9532 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Acanthamoeba Immunocompromised patients Genotypes Contact lens Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Jalilehvand M, Hajialilo E, Ghiasi Y, Rostamian S, Taherkhani F, Kazemi F, Hashemipour S, Badri M, Bijani B, Javadi A, Saraei M, Hajian S, Heydarian P, Sarbazi Golezari A. Isolation and Identification of Free Living Amoeba from Patients and Contact Lens Users in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(2):167-173.
