Molecular Identification, Subtypes Distribution, and Alleles Discrimination of Blastocystis sp., Isolated from Immunocompromised Subjects in Iran
,
Abstract
Background: Blastocystis sp., is a prevalent protist isolated from humans and animals, which its opportunistic role in immunocompromised patients is still controversial. The current study aimed to evaluate the subtype and alleles distribution of Blastocystis sp., among immunocompromised patients.
Methods: Totally, 33 microscopically Blastocystis-positive stool samples, isolated from Guilan province during April 2018 to May 2019 were investigated. Total DNA extraction was performed and the barcoding region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene was amplified. Targeted fragments were sequenced to characterize subtypes and relevant alleles. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum-likelihood and Tamura 3-parameter to illustrate the correlation between subtypes and certain immunodeficiency.
Results: Subtype analysis revealed the presence of ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST7 among 13/33 (39.4%), 5 (15.2%), 14/33 (42.4%), and 1/33 (3%), of samples, respectively. ST1 was the major subtype among cancer patients 5/7 (71.42%), while ST3 was the predominant subtype among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients 3/6 (50%), internal ward patients 5/10 (50%), and asthma and allergy patients 2/3 (66.66%). ST7 was isolated from a patient hospitalized in internal ward. No significant correlation was seen between the type of immunodeficiency and subtypes (P-value = 0.771). The phylogenetic tree showed no separation regarding the type of immunodeficiency.
Conclusion: Among studied immunocompromised patients, ST3 was the most prevalent subtype followed by ST1. There was no specific correlation between subtypes and alleles with type of immunodeficiency. Putative zoonotic alleles were highlighted the probability of zoonotic transmission for Blastocystis sp.
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2. Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blas-tocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21:639-65. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00022-08
3. Nemati S, Zali MR, Johnson P, Mirjalali H, Karanis P. Molecular prevalence and sub-type distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Asia and in Australia. J Water Health. 2021;19(5):687-704. DOI:10.2166/wh.2021.011
4. Jimenez PA, Jaimes JE, Ramirez JD. A summary of Blastocystis subtypes in North and South America. Parasit Vectors. 2019; 12:376. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3641-2
5. Scanlan PD. Blastocystis: past pitfalls and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2012; 28:327-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.001
6. Tan KS, Mirza H, Teo JD, Wu B, Macary PA. Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010; 12:28-35. DOI: 10.1007/s11908-009-0073-8
7. Javanmard E, Niyyati M, Ghasemi E, Mir-jalali H, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Impacts of human development index and climate conditions on prevalence of Blasto-cystis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2018; 185:193-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.014
8. El Deeb HK, Khodeer S. Blastocystis spp.: frequency and subtype distribution in iron deficiency anemic versus non-anemic sub-jects from Egypt. J Parasitol. 2013; 99:599-602. DOI: 10.1645/12-80.1
9. Rezaei Riabi T, Haghighi A, Mirjalali H, et al. Study of prevalence, distribution and clinical significance of Blastocystis isolated from two medical centers in Iran. Gastro-enterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2017; 10:S102-S7.
10. Katsarou-Katsari A, Vassalos CM, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008; 88:80-1. DOI: 10.2340/00015555-0338
11. Vogelberg C, Stensvold CR, Monecke S, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 2 detection during recurrence of gastrointestinal and urticarial symptoms. Parasitol Int. 2010; 59:469-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.03.009
12. Andersen LO, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis in health and disease: are we moving from a clinical to a public health perspective? J Clin Microbiol. 2016; 54:524-8. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02520-15
13. Engsbro AL, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis: to treat or not to treat...but how? Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55:1431-2. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis699
14. Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, et al. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes--a consensus. Trends Parasitol. 2007; 23:93-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.01.004
15. Yoshikawa H, Koyama Y, Tsuchiya E, Takami K. Blastocystis phylogeny among various isolates from humans to insects. Parasitol Int. 2016; 65:750-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.04.004
16. Alfellani MA, Jacob AS, Perea NO, et al. Diversity and distribution of Blastocystis sp. subtypes in non-human primates. Parasit-ology. 2013; 140:966-71. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182013000255
17. Alfellani MA, Stensvold CR, Vidal-Lapiedra A, Onuoha ES, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Clark CG. Variable geograph-ic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop. 2013; 126:11-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.011
18. Stensvold CR, Clark CG. Pre-empting Pandora’s Box: Blastocystis subtypes revisit-ed. Trends Parasitol. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.009
19. Alinaghizade A, Mirjalali H, Mohebali M, Stensvold CR, Rezaeian M. Inter- and in-tra-subtype variation of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients in Iran. Infect Genet Evol. 2017; 50:77-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.016
20. El Safadi D, Meloni D, Poirier P, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in Lebanon and correlation between subtype 1 and gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013; 88:1203-6. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0777
21. Taghipour A, Javanmard E, Mirjalali H, et al. Blastocystis subtype 1 (allele 4); Predomi-nant subtype among tuberculosis patients in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019; 65:201-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.06.005
22. Casero RD, Mongi F, Sanchez A, Ramirez JD. Blastocystis and urticaria: Examination of subtypes and morphotypes in an unu-sual clinical manifestation. Acta Trop. 2015; 148:156-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.004
23. Karimi K, Mirjalali H, Niyyati M, et al. Mo-lecular epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneu-si and Encephalitozoon sp., among immuno-compromised and immunocompetent subjects in Iran. Microb Pathog. 2020; 141:103988. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103988
24. Scicluna SM, Tawari B, Clark CG. DNA barcoding of Blastocystis. Protist. 2006; 157:77-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2005.12.001
25. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolu-tionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013; 30:2725-9. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst197
26. Beghini F, Pasolli E, Truong TD, Putignani L, Caccio SM, Segata N. Large-scale com-parative metagenomics of Blastocystis, a common member of the human gut mi-crobiome. ISME J. 2017; 11:2848-63. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.139
27. Mattiucci S, Crisafi B, Gabrielli S, Paoletti M, Cancrini G. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Blastocystis infection in humans in Italy. Epidemiol Infect. 2016; 144:635-46. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815001697
28. Forsell J, Granlund M, Stensvold CR, Clark CG, Evengard B. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates in Swedish patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31:1689-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1416-6
29. Bart A, Wentink-Bonnema EM, Gilis H, et al. Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blas-tocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital set-ting in the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 13:389. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-389
30. Stensvold CR, Christiansen DB, Olsen KE, Nielsen HV. Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 is common in Danish Blastocystis-positive patients presenting with acute diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg? 2011; 84:883-5. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0005
31. Jalallou N, Iravani S, Rezaeian M, Alinaghi-zade A, Mirjalali H. Subtypes Distribution and Frequency of Blastocystis sp. isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients. Iran J Parasitol. 2017; 12:63-8.
32. Dogan N, Aydin M, Tuzemen NU, Dinleyici EC, Oguz I, Dogruman-Al F. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis spp. iso-lated from children in Eskisehir, Turkey. Parasitol Int. 2017; 66:948-51. DOI:10.3855/jidc.12650
33. El Safadi D, Cian A, Nourrisson C, et al. Prevalence, risk factors for infection and subtype distribution of the intestinal para-site Blastocystis sp. from a large-scale multi-center study in France. BMC Infect Dis. 2016; 16:451. DOI 10.1186/s12879-016-1776-8
34. Abdulsalam AM, Ithoi I, Al-Mekhlafi HM, et al. Prevalence, predictors and clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. in Sebha, Lib-ya. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6:86. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-86
35. Ghosh K, Ayyaril M, Nirmala V. Acute GVHD involving the gastrointestinal tract and infestation with Blastocystis hominis in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia fol-lowing allogeneic bone marrow transplan-tation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998; 22:1115-7. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701488
36. Kumarasamy V, Roslani AC, Rani KU, Kumar Govind S. Advantage of using co-lonic washouts for Blastocystis detection in colorectal cancer patients. Parasit Vectors. 2014; 7:162.
37. Yersal O, Malatyali E, Ertabaklar H, Oktay E, Barutca S, Ertug S. Blastocystis subtypes in cancer patients: Analysis of possible risk factors and clinical characteristics. Parasitol Int. 2016; 65:792-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.010
38. Mohamed AM, Ahmed MA, Ahmed SA, Al-Semany SA, Alghamdi SS, Zaglool DA. Predominance and association risk of Blas-tocystis hominis subtype I in colorectal cancer: a case control study. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017; 12:21. DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0131-z
39. Zhang W, Ren G, Zhao W, et al. Geno-typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and sub-typing of Blastocystis in cancer patients: rela-tionship to diarrhea and assessment of zoonotic transmission. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8:1835. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01835
40. Gupta R, Parsi K. Chronic urticaria due to Blastocystis hominis. Australas J Dermatol. 2006; 47:117-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2006.00244.x
41. Lepczynska M, Chen WC, Dzika E. Mys-terious chronic urticaria caused by Blasto-cystis spp.? Int J Dermatol. 2016; 55:259-66; quiz 63-4, 66. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13064
42. Lee MG, Rawlins SC, Didier M, DeCeu-laer K. Infective arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis. Annal Rheum Dis. 1990; 49:192-3. DOI: 10.1136/ard.49.3.192
43. Rezaei Riabi T, Mirjalali H, Haghighi A, et al. Genetic diversity analysis of Blastocystis subtypes from both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using a barcoding region from the 18S rRNA gene. Infect Genet Evol. 2018; 61:119-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.026
44. Higuera A, Villamizar X, Herrera G, et al. Molecular detection and genotyping of in-testinal protozoa from different biogeo-graphical regions of Colombia. PeerJ. 2020; 8:e8554. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8554
45. Mohammadpour I, Bozorg-Ghalati F, Gazzonis AL, Manfredi MT, Motazedian MH, Mohammadpour N. First molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis sp. isolated from domestic and synanthropic animals (dogs, cats and brown rats) in southern Iran. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13:365. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04225-9
46. Melo GB, Roldan W, Malta FM, et al. Cul-ture isolation and molecular identification of Blastocystis sp. in Brazilian human iso-lates: preliminary results. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020; 62:e51. DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062051
47. Mohammad Rahimi H, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Molecular epidemiology and geno-type/subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Encephalitozoon spp. in livestock: concern for emerging zoonotic infections. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17467. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-96960-x.
2. Tan KS. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blas-tocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008; 21:639-65. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00022-08
3. Nemati S, Zali MR, Johnson P, Mirjalali H, Karanis P. Molecular prevalence and sub-type distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Asia and in Australia. J Water Health. 2021;19(5):687-704. DOI:10.2166/wh.2021.011
4. Jimenez PA, Jaimes JE, Ramirez JD. A summary of Blastocystis subtypes in North and South America. Parasit Vectors. 2019; 12:376. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3641-2
5. Scanlan PD. Blastocystis: past pitfalls and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol. 2012; 28:327-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.001
6. Tan KS, Mirza H, Teo JD, Wu B, Macary PA. Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010; 12:28-35. DOI: 10.1007/s11908-009-0073-8
7. Javanmard E, Niyyati M, Ghasemi E, Mir-jalali H, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Impacts of human development index and climate conditions on prevalence of Blasto-cystis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2018; 185:193-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.014
8. El Deeb HK, Khodeer S. Blastocystis spp.: frequency and subtype distribution in iron deficiency anemic versus non-anemic sub-jects from Egypt. J Parasitol. 2013; 99:599-602. DOI: 10.1645/12-80.1
9. Rezaei Riabi T, Haghighi A, Mirjalali H, et al. Study of prevalence, distribution and clinical significance of Blastocystis isolated from two medical centers in Iran. Gastro-enterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2017; 10:S102-S7.
10. Katsarou-Katsari A, Vassalos CM, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008; 88:80-1. DOI: 10.2340/00015555-0338
11. Vogelberg C, Stensvold CR, Monecke S, et al. Blastocystis sp. subtype 2 detection during recurrence of gastrointestinal and urticarial symptoms. Parasitol Int. 2010; 59:469-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.03.009
12. Andersen LO, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis in health and disease: are we moving from a clinical to a public health perspective? J Clin Microbiol. 2016; 54:524-8. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02520-15
13. Engsbro AL, Stensvold CR. Blastocystis: to treat or not to treat...but how? Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55:1431-2. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis699
14. Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, et al. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes--a consensus. Trends Parasitol. 2007; 23:93-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.01.004
15. Yoshikawa H, Koyama Y, Tsuchiya E, Takami K. Blastocystis phylogeny among various isolates from humans to insects. Parasitol Int. 2016; 65:750-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.04.004
16. Alfellani MA, Jacob AS, Perea NO, et al. Diversity and distribution of Blastocystis sp. subtypes in non-human primates. Parasit-ology. 2013; 140:966-71. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182013000255
17. Alfellani MA, Stensvold CR, Vidal-Lapiedra A, Onuoha ES, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Clark CG. Variable geograph-ic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications. Acta Trop. 2013; 126:11-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.011
18. Stensvold CR, Clark CG. Pre-empting Pandora’s Box: Blastocystis subtypes revisit-ed. Trends Parasitol. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.009
19. Alinaghizade A, Mirjalali H, Mohebali M, Stensvold CR, Rezaeian M. Inter- and in-tra-subtype variation of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients in Iran. Infect Genet Evol. 2017; 50:77-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.016
20. El Safadi D, Meloni D, Poirier P, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in Lebanon and correlation between subtype 1 and gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013; 88:1203-6. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0777
21. Taghipour A, Javanmard E, Mirjalali H, et al. Blastocystis subtype 1 (allele 4); Predomi-nant subtype among tuberculosis patients in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019; 65:201-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.06.005
22. Casero RD, Mongi F, Sanchez A, Ramirez JD. Blastocystis and urticaria: Examination of subtypes and morphotypes in an unu-sual clinical manifestation. Acta Trop. 2015; 148:156-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.004
23. Karimi K, Mirjalali H, Niyyati M, et al. Mo-lecular epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneu-si and Encephalitozoon sp., among immuno-compromised and immunocompetent subjects in Iran. Microb Pathog. 2020; 141:103988. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103988
24. Scicluna SM, Tawari B, Clark CG. DNA barcoding of Blastocystis. Protist. 2006; 157:77-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2005.12.001
25. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolu-tionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013; 30:2725-9. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst197
26. Beghini F, Pasolli E, Truong TD, Putignani L, Caccio SM, Segata N. Large-scale com-parative metagenomics of Blastocystis, a common member of the human gut mi-crobiome. ISME J. 2017; 11:2848-63. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.139
27. Mattiucci S, Crisafi B, Gabrielli S, Paoletti M, Cancrini G. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Blastocystis infection in humans in Italy. Epidemiol Infect. 2016; 144:635-46. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268815001697
28. Forsell J, Granlund M, Stensvold CR, Clark CG, Evengard B. Subtype analysis of Blastocystis isolates in Swedish patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31:1689-96. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1416-6
29. Bart A, Wentink-Bonnema EM, Gilis H, et al. Diagnosis and subtype analysis of Blas-tocystis sp. in 442 patients in a hospital set-ting in the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2013; 13:389. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-389
30. Stensvold CR, Christiansen DB, Olsen KE, Nielsen HV. Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 is common in Danish Blastocystis-positive patients presenting with acute diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg? 2011; 84:883-5. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0005
31. Jalallou N, Iravani S, Rezaeian M, Alinaghi-zade A, Mirjalali H. Subtypes Distribution and Frequency of Blastocystis sp. isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients. Iran J Parasitol. 2017; 12:63-8.
32. Dogan N, Aydin M, Tuzemen NU, Dinleyici EC, Oguz I, Dogruman-Al F. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis spp. iso-lated from children in Eskisehir, Turkey. Parasitol Int. 2017; 66:948-51. DOI:10.3855/jidc.12650
33. El Safadi D, Cian A, Nourrisson C, et al. Prevalence, risk factors for infection and subtype distribution of the intestinal para-site Blastocystis sp. from a large-scale multi-center study in France. BMC Infect Dis. 2016; 16:451. DOI 10.1186/s12879-016-1776-8
34. Abdulsalam AM, Ithoi I, Al-Mekhlafi HM, et al. Prevalence, predictors and clinical significance of Blastocystis sp. in Sebha, Lib-ya. Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6:86. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-86
35. Ghosh K, Ayyaril M, Nirmala V. Acute GVHD involving the gastrointestinal tract and infestation with Blastocystis hominis in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia fol-lowing allogeneic bone marrow transplan-tation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998; 22:1115-7. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701488
36. Kumarasamy V, Roslani AC, Rani KU, Kumar Govind S. Advantage of using co-lonic washouts for Blastocystis detection in colorectal cancer patients. Parasit Vectors. 2014; 7:162.
37. Yersal O, Malatyali E, Ertabaklar H, Oktay E, Barutca S, Ertug S. Blastocystis subtypes in cancer patients: Analysis of possible risk factors and clinical characteristics. Parasitol Int. 2016; 65:792-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.010
38. Mohamed AM, Ahmed MA, Ahmed SA, Al-Semany SA, Alghamdi SS, Zaglool DA. Predominance and association risk of Blas-tocystis hominis subtype I in colorectal cancer: a case control study. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017; 12:21. DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0131-z
39. Zhang W, Ren G, Zhao W, et al. Geno-typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and sub-typing of Blastocystis in cancer patients: rela-tionship to diarrhea and assessment of zoonotic transmission. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8:1835. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01835
40. Gupta R, Parsi K. Chronic urticaria due to Blastocystis hominis. Australas J Dermatol. 2006; 47:117-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2006.00244.x
41. Lepczynska M, Chen WC, Dzika E. Mys-terious chronic urticaria caused by Blasto-cystis spp.? Int J Dermatol. 2016; 55:259-66; quiz 63-4, 66. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13064
42. Lee MG, Rawlins SC, Didier M, DeCeu-laer K. Infective arthritis due to Blastocystis hominis. Annal Rheum Dis. 1990; 49:192-3. DOI: 10.1136/ard.49.3.192
43. Rezaei Riabi T, Mirjalali H, Haghighi A, et al. Genetic diversity analysis of Blastocystis subtypes from both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using a barcoding region from the 18S rRNA gene. Infect Genet Evol. 2018; 61:119-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.026
44. Higuera A, Villamizar X, Herrera G, et al. Molecular detection and genotyping of in-testinal protozoa from different biogeo-graphical regions of Colombia. PeerJ. 2020; 8:e8554. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8554
45. Mohammadpour I, Bozorg-Ghalati F, Gazzonis AL, Manfredi MT, Motazedian MH, Mohammadpour N. First molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis sp. isolated from domestic and synanthropic animals (dogs, cats and brown rats) in southern Iran. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13:365. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04225-9
46. Melo GB, Roldan W, Malta FM, et al. Cul-ture isolation and molecular identification of Blastocystis sp. in Brazilian human iso-lates: preliminary results. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2020; 62:e51. DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062051
47. Mohammad Rahimi H, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Molecular epidemiology and geno-type/subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Encephalitozoon spp. in livestock: concern for emerging zoonotic infections. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17467. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-96960-x.
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| Issue | Vol 17 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v17i2.9534 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Blastocystis sp. Immunodeficiency Opportunistic infection Subtypes Allele discrimination Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mohammad Rahimi H, Karamati SA, Nemati S, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Molecular Identification, Subtypes Distribution, and Alleles Discrimination of Blastocystis sp., Isolated from Immunocompromised Subjects in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(2):184-193.
