Wound Myiasis in Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae Family
-
Evren Tileklioğlu
,
İbrahim Yildiz
,
Fürüzan Bozkurt Kozan
,
Erdoğan Malatyali
,
Mustafa Bülent Ertuğrul
,
Hatice Ertabaklar
Abstract
Background: Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of tissues or body cavities of mammals with dipterous larvae. The patients with diabetic foot ulcers are more vulnerable to acquiring infestation; however, the infestation may be neglected and mistreated in some cases.
Methods: Data were collected of twelve myiasis cases with diabetic foot ulcers in Nazli-Selim Eren Chronic Wound and Infections Care Unit, Aydin, Turkey between 2017 and 2019. Demographic, clinical characteristics of the patients and clinical examination of the wound were recorded. To morphology-based identification method of the agents, the developmental stages of the maggots were examined.
Results: The cases aged between 46 and 81 years (10 males, two females). Eight of the larvae collected from wounds had Calliphoridae and four had Sarcophagidae family. The larvae were infested right/left foot sole, thumb, ankle, and mostly left toes. The number of larvae collected from the cases ranged from 2 to 48. Third-stage larvae (L3) were mostly detected. Mixed (L1-L2, L2-L3) larvae were detected in a patient. The infestations were more common in July and August. According to the score of Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), ten (83%) cases had moderate and two (17%) cases were mild diabetic foot infections (DFIs).
Conclusion: Diabetic foot ulcers should be evaluated in terms of myiasis. This was the first study in our province indicating that myiasis should not be neglected and different species of flies were responsible for myiasis cases.
1. Manickam A, Sengupta S, Saha J, et al. Myiasis of the tracheostomy wound: A case report with review of literature. Otolaryngology. 2015; 5(4): 198.
2. Francesconi F, Lupi O. Myiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):79-105.
3. Singh A, Singh Z. Incidence of myiasis among humans-a review. Parasitol Res. 2015; 114(9):3183-99.
4. Bowering CK. Diabetic foot ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment, and therapy. Can Fam Physician. 2001; 47(5): 1007-16.
5. World Health Organization: History of the Development of the ICD. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B87
6. Hoyer P, WilliamsRR, Lopez M, et al. Human nasal myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis in the highlands of Cusco, Peru: report of a case and review of the literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2016;2016:2456735.
7. de Arruda JAA, de Oliveira Silva LV, Silva PUJ, et al. Head and neck myiasis: a case series and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2017; 124(5): e249-e256.
8. Pierre-filho PDTP, Minguini N, Pierre LM, et al. Use of ivermectin in the treatment of orbital myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(6-7):503-5.
9. Sherman RA. Maggot therapy for foot and leg wounds. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2002;1(2):135-42.
10. Osorio J, Moncada L, Molano A, et al. Role of ivermectin in the treatment of severe orbital myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(6):e57-9.
11. Sakarya S, Gunay N, Karakulak M, et al. Hypochlorous acid: an ideal wound care agent with powerful microbicidal, antibiofilm, and wound healing potency. Wounds. 2014; 26(12): 342-50.
12. Mathison BA, Pritt BS. Laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):48-67.
13. Solomon M, Lachish T, Schwartz E. Cutaneous Myiasis. Curr infect Dis Rep. 2016;18(9):28.
14. Goddard J. Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of MedicalImportance: Flies whose maggots cause myiasis inhumans 2nd ed. Florida, CRC Press: 1996: 169–187.
15. Robbins K, Khachemoune A. Cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(10):1092-8.
16. Hosni EM, Kenawy MA, Nasser MG, et al. A Brief Review of Myiasis with Special Notes on the Blow Flies’ Producing Myiasis (F.: Calliphoridae). Acad J Biol Sci A Entomol. 2019;11(2):25-32.
17. Wang X, Ota N, Manzanillo P, et al. Interleukin-22 alleviates metabolic disorders and restores mucosal immunity in diabetes. Nature. 2014;514(7521):237-241.
18. Olea MS, Centeno N, Aybar CAV, et al. First report of myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a diabetic foot ulcer patient in Argentina. Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(1):89-92.
19. Singh A, Singh D. Wound myiasis due to Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in patients of diabetic foot. J Entomol Res Soc. 2006;30(4):367-369.
20. Zaglool DAM, Tayeb K, Khodari YAW, et al. First case report of human myiasis with Sarcophaga species in Makkah city in the wound of a diabetic patient. J Nat Sc Biol Med. 2013;4(1):225-228.
21. Roozbehani M, Shamseddin J, Moradi M, et al. Myiasis of Mandible Due to Lucilia sericata, in Diabetic Woman Patient: A Case Report. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2019;14(1): e59824.
22. Şenel E, Uslu A, Taylan Özkan HA. Interdiginal Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata in a Diabetic Patient. Flora. 2016; 21(1):131-133.
23. Gödekmerdan A, Kaplan M, Burma S, et al. Diabetli bir hastada saptanan eksternal miyazis: Olgu sunusu. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi. 2001; 25(1): 72-74.
24. Polat E, Ağgez H. Larva Debridman Tedavisi İçin Gelen Bir Hastada Görülen Miyaz Olgusu. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2018; 42(3): 229-232.
25. Uysal S, Ozturk AM, Tasbakan M, et al. Human myiasis in patients with diabetic foot: 18 cases. Ann Saudi Med. 2018;38(3):208-213.
26. Demirel Kaya F, Orkun O, Cakmak A, et al. [Cutanous myiasis caused by Sarcophaga spp. larvae in a diabetic patient]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014; 48(2):356-61.
27. Kılıç K, Arslan MÖ, Kara M. Kars’ ta bir kadında Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae)’nın neden olduğu postoperatif yara myiasisi. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi. 2011; 35(1): 43-46.
28. Karakuş M, Ünver A, Turgay N, et al. Ege Üniversitesi Hastanesi'nde yatmakta olan bir hastada nazal miyaz. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2015; 54(1): 36-38.
29. Balcıoğlu IC, Ecemiş T, Ayer A, et al. Subungual myiasis in a woman with psychiatric disturbance. Parasitol Int. 2008; 57(4):509-11.
30. Stevens JR, Wallman JF, Otranto D, et al. The evolution of myiasis in humans and other animals in the Old and New Worlds (part II): biological and life-history studies. Trends Parasitol. 2006; 22(4):181-8.
31. Service M. Flies and myiasis. In Medical Entomology for Students. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. p. 151-67.
32. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54(12):e132-e73.
33. Baird JK, Baird CR, Sabrosky CW. North American cuterebrid myiasis: report of seventeen new infections of human beings and review of the disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 21(4 Pt 1):763-72.
34. Gour S, Kumar V, Thapliyal G, Nalini N. An Update on Cutaneous Myiasis: A Review. Rev Artic Saudi J Oral Dent Res. 2017; 2:31-37.
35. Villwock JA, Harris TM. Head and neck myiasis, cutaneous malignancy, and infection: a case series and review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2014; 47(2): e37-41.
36. Zhou X, Kambalame DM, Zhou S, et al. Human Chrysomya bezziana myiasis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(10): e0007391.
37. Shilpakar O, Karki B, Rajbhandari B. (2020). Cutaneous myiasis in a neglected elderly. Oxf Med Case Reports. 2020(8): omaa063.
38. Dueñas Moreira O, Gámez Sánchez D, González Guerra QM. Cutaneous myiasis in an elderly from an ecuatorian rural community. Medi San. 2017; 21(05): 590-594.
39. Boscarelli A, Sandri GBL. Periungual myiasis caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica mimicking an ingrown toenail. Transl Pediatr. 2016; 5(2):95-6.
40. Dutto M, Bertero M. Cutaneous superficial myiasis: report of a rare nosocomial parasitic disease caused by Sarcophaga spp. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Cent Eur J Public Health. 2011; 19(4):232-4.
2. Francesconi F, Lupi O. Myiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):79-105.
3. Singh A, Singh Z. Incidence of myiasis among humans-a review. Parasitol Res. 2015; 114(9):3183-99.
4. Bowering CK. Diabetic foot ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment, and therapy. Can Fam Physician. 2001; 47(5): 1007-16.
5. World Health Organization: History of the Development of the ICD. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B87
6. Hoyer P, WilliamsRR, Lopez M, et al. Human nasal myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis in the highlands of Cusco, Peru: report of a case and review of the literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2016;2016:2456735.
7. de Arruda JAA, de Oliveira Silva LV, Silva PUJ, et al. Head and neck myiasis: a case series and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2017; 124(5): e249-e256.
8. Pierre-filho PDTP, Minguini N, Pierre LM, et al. Use of ivermectin in the treatment of orbital myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(6-7):503-5.
9. Sherman RA. Maggot therapy for foot and leg wounds. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2002;1(2):135-42.
10. Osorio J, Moncada L, Molano A, et al. Role of ivermectin in the treatment of severe orbital myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(6):e57-9.
11. Sakarya S, Gunay N, Karakulak M, et al. Hypochlorous acid: an ideal wound care agent with powerful microbicidal, antibiofilm, and wound healing potency. Wounds. 2014; 26(12): 342-50.
12. Mathison BA, Pritt BS. Laboratory identification of arthropod ectoparasites. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):48-67.
13. Solomon M, Lachish T, Schwartz E. Cutaneous Myiasis. Curr infect Dis Rep. 2016;18(9):28.
14. Goddard J. Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of MedicalImportance: Flies whose maggots cause myiasis inhumans 2nd ed. Florida, CRC Press: 1996: 169–187.
15. Robbins K, Khachemoune A. Cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(10):1092-8.
16. Hosni EM, Kenawy MA, Nasser MG, et al. A Brief Review of Myiasis with Special Notes on the Blow Flies’ Producing Myiasis (F.: Calliphoridae). Acad J Biol Sci A Entomol. 2019;11(2):25-32.
17. Wang X, Ota N, Manzanillo P, et al. Interleukin-22 alleviates metabolic disorders and restores mucosal immunity in diabetes. Nature. 2014;514(7521):237-241.
18. Olea MS, Centeno N, Aybar CAV, et al. First report of myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a diabetic foot ulcer patient in Argentina. Korean J Parasitol. 2014;52(1):89-92.
19. Singh A, Singh D. Wound myiasis due to Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in patients of diabetic foot. J Entomol Res Soc. 2006;30(4):367-369.
20. Zaglool DAM, Tayeb K, Khodari YAW, et al. First case report of human myiasis with Sarcophaga species in Makkah city in the wound of a diabetic patient. J Nat Sc Biol Med. 2013;4(1):225-228.
21. Roozbehani M, Shamseddin J, Moradi M, et al. Myiasis of Mandible Due to Lucilia sericata, in Diabetic Woman Patient: A Case Report. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2019;14(1): e59824.
22. Şenel E, Uslu A, Taylan Özkan HA. Interdiginal Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata in a Diabetic Patient. Flora. 2016; 21(1):131-133.
23. Gödekmerdan A, Kaplan M, Burma S, et al. Diabetli bir hastada saptanan eksternal miyazis: Olgu sunusu. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi. 2001; 25(1): 72-74.
24. Polat E, Ağgez H. Larva Debridman Tedavisi İçin Gelen Bir Hastada Görülen Miyaz Olgusu. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2018; 42(3): 229-232.
25. Uysal S, Ozturk AM, Tasbakan M, et al. Human myiasis in patients with diabetic foot: 18 cases. Ann Saudi Med. 2018;38(3):208-213.
26. Demirel Kaya F, Orkun O, Cakmak A, et al. [Cutanous myiasis caused by Sarcophaga spp. larvae in a diabetic patient]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014; 48(2):356-61.
27. Kılıç K, Arslan MÖ, Kara M. Kars’ ta bir kadında Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae)’nın neden olduğu postoperatif yara myiasisi. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi. 2011; 35(1): 43-46.
28. Karakuş M, Ünver A, Turgay N, et al. Ege Üniversitesi Hastanesi'nde yatmakta olan bir hastada nazal miyaz. Ege Tıp Dergisi. 2015; 54(1): 36-38.
29. Balcıoğlu IC, Ecemiş T, Ayer A, et al. Subungual myiasis in a woman with psychiatric disturbance. Parasitol Int. 2008; 57(4):509-11.
30. Stevens JR, Wallman JF, Otranto D, et al. The evolution of myiasis in humans and other animals in the Old and New Worlds (part II): biological and life-history studies. Trends Parasitol. 2006; 22(4):181-8.
31. Service M. Flies and myiasis. In Medical Entomology for Students. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. p. 151-67.
32. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54(12):e132-e73.
33. Baird JK, Baird CR, Sabrosky CW. North American cuterebrid myiasis: report of seventeen new infections of human beings and review of the disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 21(4 Pt 1):763-72.
34. Gour S, Kumar V, Thapliyal G, Nalini N. An Update on Cutaneous Myiasis: A Review. Rev Artic Saudi J Oral Dent Res. 2017; 2:31-37.
35. Villwock JA, Harris TM. Head and neck myiasis, cutaneous malignancy, and infection: a case series and review of the literature. J Emerg Med. 2014; 47(2): e37-41.
36. Zhou X, Kambalame DM, Zhou S, et al. Human Chrysomya bezziana myiasis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(10): e0007391.
37. Shilpakar O, Karki B, Rajbhandari B. (2020). Cutaneous myiasis in a neglected elderly. Oxf Med Case Reports. 2020(8): omaa063.
38. Dueñas Moreira O, Gámez Sánchez D, González Guerra QM. Cutaneous myiasis in an elderly from an ecuatorian rural community. Medi San. 2017; 21(05): 590-594.
39. Boscarelli A, Sandri GBL. Periungual myiasis caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica mimicking an ingrown toenail. Transl Pediatr. 2016; 5(2):95-6.
40. Dutto M, Bertero M. Cutaneous superficial myiasis: report of a rare nosocomial parasitic disease caused by Sarcophaga spp. (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). Cent Eur J Public Health. 2011; 19(4):232-4.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 4 (2021) | |
| Section | Short Communication(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v16i4.7881 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Myiasis Wound Diabetic foot Calliphoridae Sarcophagidae | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Tileklioğlu E, Yildiz İbrahim, Bozkurt Kozan F, Malatyali E, Ertuğrul M, Ertabaklar H. Wound Myiasis in Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae Family. Iran J Parasitol. 2021;16(4):678-685.
