Serological Detection of Trichinellosis among Suspected wild Boar Meat Consumers in North and Northeast of Iran
-
Faramarz Koohsar
,
Saied Reza Naddaf
,
Mohammad Bagher Rokni
,
Hamed Mirjalali
,
Mehdi Mohebali
,
Reza Shafiei
,
Gholamreza Mowlavi
Abstract
Background: Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis disease worldwide. Humans acquire infection by ingesting raw or uncooked animal flesh containing viable Trichinella larvae. The most common reservoirs of this helminth are pigs and wild boars. In northern Iran, hunting and consuming wild boars meat by some communities, including ethnic Armenians, may expose them to trichinellosis. Here, we investigated anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in high-risk individuals in northeastern Iran.
Methods: From Mar to Aug 2020, we collected 189 blood samples from individuals with a history of wild boar meat consumption and examined the sera for anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit (NovaTec Immunodiagnostica GmbH, Germany). Sera from 30 individuals with no history of eating wild boar meat was used to determine the range of actual negative values and possible cross-reactivity with other similar antigens.
Results: Of the 189 participants, 5 (2.6%) had anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies (OD, 1.176 ±0.154). None of the 30 negative controls became positive (OD, 0.198 ± 0.044). The age, gender, occupation, and education showed no significant association with Trichinella seropositivity rate (P>0.05). All five seropositive cases were among 112 individuals (4.46% seropositivity) that resided in the western part of the study area, stretching from Behshar to Gorgan.
Conclusion: Eating wild boar meat might expose individuals to trichinellosis in the north and northeast of Iran. Further studies with more individuals from different parts of the country and confirmation of the ELISA by additional tests like Western blot will give a more in-depth insight into human trichinellosis epidemiology in Iran.
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2. World Health Organization (2015). WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: Foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/199350.
3. Tasić NM, Ignjatović A. Serological diagnosis of trichinellosis in patients in southern and eastern Serbia in the period from 2007 to 2018. Veterinarski Glasnik. 2019;73:157-167.
4. Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:127-145.
5. Sun G-G, Wang Z-Q, Liu C-Y, et al. Early serodiagnosis of trichinellosis by ELISA using excretory–secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis adult worms. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:484.
6. Liu M, Boireau P. Trichinellosis in China: Epidemiology and control. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18(12):553-556.
7. Pozio E. World distribution of Trichinella spp. Infections in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 2007;149(1-2):3-21.
8. Bai X, Hu X, Liu X, et al. Current research of trichinellosis in China. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1472.
9. Caron Y, Bory S, Pluot M, et al. Human outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella papuae nematodes, central Kampong Thom province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1759-1766.
10. Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, Speybroeck N, et al. The low global burden of trichinellosis: Evidence and implications. Int J Parasitol. 2015;45(2-3):95-99.
11. Murrell KD, Pozio E. Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(12):2194-202.
12. Messiaen P, Forier A, Vanderschueren S, et al. Outbreak of trichinellosis related to eating imported wild boar meat, Belgium, 2014. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(37):30341.
13. Rostami A, Khazan H, Kazemi B, et al. Prevalence of Trichinella spp. Infections in hunted wild boars in northern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(12):1712-1719.
14. Wolfe MS. The eosinophilic patient with suspected parasitic infection. The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual. Elsevier; 2017:598-609.
15. Boros Z, Vallée I, Panait L, et al. Seroprevalance of Trichinella spp. In wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Bihor county, western Romania. Helminthologia. 2020;57(3):235-240.
16. Faber M, Schink S, Mayer-Scholl A, et al. Outbreak of trichinellosis due to wild boar meat and evaluation of the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis, Germany, 2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(12):e98-e104.
17. Fichi G, Stefanelli S, Pagani A, et al. Trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an Italian region considered to be at negligible risk for Trichinella. Zoonoses Public Health. 2015;62(4):285-291.
18. Greene YG, Padovani T, Rudroff JA, et al. Notes from the field: Trichinellosis caused by consumption of wild boar meat-Illinois, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(20):451.
19. Rostami A, Khazan H, Kia EB, et al. Molecular identification of Trichinella spp. In wild boar, and serological survey of high-risk populations in Iran. Food Control. 2018;90:40-47.
20. Mowlavi G, Marucci G, Mobedi I, et al. Trichinella britovi in a leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2009;164(2-4):350-352.
21. Mirjalali H, Rezaei S, Pozio E, et al. Trichinella britovi in the jackal canis aureus from south-west Iran. J Helminthol. 2014;88(4):385-8.
22. Borji H, Sadeghi H, Razmi G, et al. Trichinella infection in wildlife of northeast of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(4):57-61.
23. Eliazian M, Tamidji Y, Akbarzadeh M. A survey on human trichinosis in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute. 1976;28:63-65.
24. Moein M. First report of human trichinosis in Iran. J Med the Univ Med School. 1966;5:259-267.
25. Kia E, Meamar A, Zahabiun F, et al. An outbreak of human trichinellosis due to consumption of boar meat infected with Trichinella sp. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med. 2008;41:35-38.
26. Lassen B, Janson M, Viltrop A, et al. Serological evidence of exposure to globally relevant zoonotic parasites in the Estonian population. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164142.
27. Moskwa B, Bien J, Cabaj W, et al. The comparison of different ELISA procedures in detecting anti-Trichinella igg in human infections. Vet Parasitol. 2009;159:312-315.
28. Sviben M, Meštrović T, Čičmak LS. The value of systematic screening for Trichinella antibodies among individuals with eosinophilia in recognizing outbreak events: A seroprevalence study from Croatia. Ann Parasitol. 2019;65(2):177-189.
29. Miladinović-Tasić N, Ignjatović A. Serological diagnosis of trichinellosis in patients in southern and eastern Serbia in the period from 2007 to 2018. Veterinarski Glasnik. 2019;73:157-167.
30. Latz A, Völger J. Development and performance evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and lineblot for serological diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs: Ps1. 113. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20
31. Holzbauer SM, Agger WA, Hall RL, et al. Outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in Iowa. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1750-1756.
32. Dupouyv CJ, Bruschi F. Management and diagnosis of human trichinellosis. 2007:37-68.
33. Fröscher W, Gullotta F, Saathoff M, et al. Chronic trichinosis. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:221-226.
34. Wang Z, Cui J. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 1964-1999. Parasite. 2001;8:S63-S66.
35. Wang Z, Cui J, Xu B. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2000–2003. Acta Trop. 2006;97(3):247-251.
36. Cui J, Wang Z, Xu B. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2004–2009. Acta Trop. 2011;118(1):1-5.
37. Cohen M, Costantino SN, Calcagno MA, et al. Trichinella infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from a protected area of Argentina and its relationship with the presence of humans. Vet Parasitol. 2010;169(3-4):362-366.
38. Akkoc N, Kuruuzum Z, Akar S, et al. A large‐scale outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella britovi in Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 2009;56(2):65-70.
39. Chomel BB, Kasten R, Adams C, et al. Serosurvey of some major zoonotic infections in children and teenagers in Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993;24(2):321-326.
40. Owen IL, Gomez Morales MA, Pezzotti P, et al. Trichinella infection in a hunting population of Papua New Guinea suggests an ancient relationship between Trichinella and human beings. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99(8):618-624.
41. Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Khamlome B, et al. Patterns and risks of Trichinella infection in humans and pigs in northern Laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e3034.
42. Møller LN, Koch A, Petersen E, et al. Trichinella infection in a hunting community in East Greenland. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(9):1252-1256.
43. De-la-Rosa J, Aranda J, Padilla E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with serum antibodies against Trichinella spiralis. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28(2):317-321.
44. Møller LN, Krause TG, Koch A, et al. Human antibody recognition of Anisakidae and Trichinella spp. In Greenland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(7):702-708.
2. World Health Organization (2015). WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: Foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007-2015. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/199350.
3. Tasić NM, Ignjatović A. Serological diagnosis of trichinellosis in patients in southern and eastern Serbia in the period from 2007 to 2018. Veterinarski Glasnik. 2019;73:157-167.
4. Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:127-145.
5. Sun G-G, Wang Z-Q, Liu C-Y, et al. Early serodiagnosis of trichinellosis by ELISA using excretory–secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis adult worms. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:484.
6. Liu M, Boireau P. Trichinellosis in China: Epidemiology and control. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18(12):553-556.
7. Pozio E. World distribution of Trichinella spp. Infections in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 2007;149(1-2):3-21.
8. Bai X, Hu X, Liu X, et al. Current research of trichinellosis in China. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1472.
9. Caron Y, Bory S, Pluot M, et al. Human outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella papuae nematodes, central Kampong Thom province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1759-1766.
10. Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, Speybroeck N, et al. The low global burden of trichinellosis: Evidence and implications. Int J Parasitol. 2015;45(2-3):95-99.
11. Murrell KD, Pozio E. Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(12):2194-202.
12. Messiaen P, Forier A, Vanderschueren S, et al. Outbreak of trichinellosis related to eating imported wild boar meat, Belgium, 2014. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(37):30341.
13. Rostami A, Khazan H, Kazemi B, et al. Prevalence of Trichinella spp. Infections in hunted wild boars in northern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(12):1712-1719.
14. Wolfe MS. The eosinophilic patient with suspected parasitic infection. The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual. Elsevier; 2017:598-609.
15. Boros Z, Vallée I, Panait L, et al. Seroprevalance of Trichinella spp. In wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Bihor county, western Romania. Helminthologia. 2020;57(3):235-240.
16. Faber M, Schink S, Mayer-Scholl A, et al. Outbreak of trichinellosis due to wild boar meat and evaluation of the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis, Germany, 2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(12):e98-e104.
17. Fichi G, Stefanelli S, Pagani A, et al. Trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an Italian region considered to be at negligible risk for Trichinella. Zoonoses Public Health. 2015;62(4):285-291.
18. Greene YG, Padovani T, Rudroff JA, et al. Notes from the field: Trichinellosis caused by consumption of wild boar meat-Illinois, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(20):451.
19. Rostami A, Khazan H, Kia EB, et al. Molecular identification of Trichinella spp. In wild boar, and serological survey of high-risk populations in Iran. Food Control. 2018;90:40-47.
20. Mowlavi G, Marucci G, Mobedi I, et al. Trichinella britovi in a leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2009;164(2-4):350-352.
21. Mirjalali H, Rezaei S, Pozio E, et al. Trichinella britovi in the jackal canis aureus from south-west Iran. J Helminthol. 2014;88(4):385-8.
22. Borji H, Sadeghi H, Razmi G, et al. Trichinella infection in wildlife of northeast of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(4):57-61.
23. Eliazian M, Tamidji Y, Akbarzadeh M. A survey on human trichinosis in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute. 1976;28:63-65.
24. Moein M. First report of human trichinosis in Iran. J Med the Univ Med School. 1966;5:259-267.
25. Kia E, Meamar A, Zahabiun F, et al. An outbreak of human trichinellosis due to consumption of boar meat infected with Trichinella sp. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med. 2008;41:35-38.
26. Lassen B, Janson M, Viltrop A, et al. Serological evidence of exposure to globally relevant zoonotic parasites in the Estonian population. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164142.
27. Moskwa B, Bien J, Cabaj W, et al. The comparison of different ELISA procedures in detecting anti-Trichinella igg in human infections. Vet Parasitol. 2009;159:312-315.
28. Sviben M, Meštrović T, Čičmak LS. The value of systematic screening for Trichinella antibodies among individuals with eosinophilia in recognizing outbreak events: A seroprevalence study from Croatia. Ann Parasitol. 2019;65(2):177-189.
29. Miladinović-Tasić N, Ignjatović A. Serological diagnosis of trichinellosis in patients in southern and eastern Serbia in the period from 2007 to 2018. Veterinarski Glasnik. 2019;73:157-167.
30. Latz A, Völger J. Development and performance evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and lineblot for serological diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs: Ps1. 113. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20
31. Holzbauer SM, Agger WA, Hall RL, et al. Outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in Iowa. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1750-1756.
32. Dupouyv CJ, Bruschi F. Management and diagnosis of human trichinellosis. 2007:37-68.
33. Fröscher W, Gullotta F, Saathoff M, et al. Chronic trichinosis. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:221-226.
34. Wang Z, Cui J. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 1964-1999. Parasite. 2001;8:S63-S66.
35. Wang Z, Cui J, Xu B. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2000–2003. Acta Trop. 2006;97(3):247-251.
36. Cui J, Wang Z, Xu B. The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2004–2009. Acta Trop. 2011;118(1):1-5.
37. Cohen M, Costantino SN, Calcagno MA, et al. Trichinella infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from a protected area of Argentina and its relationship with the presence of humans. Vet Parasitol. 2010;169(3-4):362-366.
38. Akkoc N, Kuruuzum Z, Akar S, et al. A large‐scale outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella britovi in Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 2009;56(2):65-70.
39. Chomel BB, Kasten R, Adams C, et al. Serosurvey of some major zoonotic infections in children and teenagers in Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993;24(2):321-326.
40. Owen IL, Gomez Morales MA, Pezzotti P, et al. Trichinella infection in a hunting population of Papua New Guinea suggests an ancient relationship between Trichinella and human beings. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99(8):618-624.
41. Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Khamlome B, et al. Patterns and risks of Trichinella infection in humans and pigs in northern Laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(7):e3034.
42. Møller LN, Koch A, Petersen E, et al. Trichinella infection in a hunting community in East Greenland. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(9):1252-1256.
43. De-la-Rosa J, Aranda J, Padilla E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with serum antibodies against Trichinella spiralis. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28(2):317-321.
44. Møller LN, Krause TG, Koch A, et al. Human antibody recognition of Anisakidae and Trichinella spp. In Greenland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(7):702-708.
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| Issue | Vol 16 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6323 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Trichinellosis Wild boar Seroprevalence Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Koohsar F, Naddaf SR, Rokni MB, Mirjalali H, Mohebali M, Shafiei R, Mowlavi G. Serological Detection of Trichinellosis among Suspected wild Boar Meat Consumers in North and Northeast of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2021;16(2):253-260.
