Seroprevalence of Human Toxocariasis in Children (5–15-Year-Old) Using ELISA Method in Ardabil District, North-West of Iran
-
Zahra Heidari
,
Zahra Alizadeh
,
Hamid Afzoun Khiyavi
,
Soheila Molaei
,
Abdollah Mahdavi
,
Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin
Abstract
Background: Toxocariasis is a worldwide-distributed helminth parasitic infection. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in children living in Ardabil Province, North-West of Iran.
Methods: A seroepidemiological study to evaluate human toxocariasis among urban and rural populations of Ardabil County, North-West of Iran using ELISA test was carried out from 2019 to 2020. The study population was 472 children (185 females and 287 males) aged between 5 and 15 yr old. Immunoglobulin G antibodies against Toxocara spp. were analyzed by ELISA test.
Results: Of the 472 collected serum samples, 66 (14.0%) were positive for antibodies against human toxocariasis. The highest prevalence of infection was observed in children with age groups of 5-6 years. Data demonstrate higher seroprevalence among males (15.3%) than females (11.8%). Rural areas prevalence was significantly higher (24.4%) than the urban area (8.65%). The rate of the diseases was 22.8% in children having history of contact with dog.
Conclusion: Toxocariasis is prevalent in the children of Ardabil region. The present study can increase the awareness of the population about the risk of zoonotic diseases as well as the anthelmintic treatment of dogs by veterinarians and, more importantly, the control of stray dogs.
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2. Fisher M. Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19 (4):167-70.
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8. Zibaei M, Sadjjadi SM. Trend of toxocaria-sis in Iran: a review on human and animal dimensions. Iran J Vet Res. 2017;18(4):233-242.
9. Jin Y, Shen C, Huh S, et al. Serodiagnosis of toxocariasis by ELISA using crude anti-gen of Toxocara canis larvae. Korean J Para-sitol. 2013;51(4):433-9.
10. Anaruma Filho F, Chieffi PP, Correa CRS, et al. Human toxocariasis: a seroepidemio-logical survey in the municipality of Cam-pinas (SP), Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2002;44(6): 303-7.
11. Lescano SAZ, Chieffi PP, Peres BA, et al. Soil contamination and human infection by Toxocara sp. in the urban area of Lima, Peru. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1998;93(6):733-4.
12. Abdi J, Darabi M, Sayehmiri K, et al. Epi-demiological situation of toxocariasis in Iran: meta-analysis and systematic re-view.Pak J Biol Sci. 2012; 15(22):1052-5.
13. Shafiei R, Rahimi MT, Emameh RZ, et al. Status of human toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis in Iran: a systematic re-view from past to current. Trop Doct, 2020;50(4):285-291.
14. Hosseini-Safa A, Mousavi SM, Badorani MBB, et al. Seroepidemiology of toxocari-asis in children (5–15 yr old) referred to the pediatric clinic of Imam Hossein Hos-pital, Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(4):632-7.
15. Rezaiemanesh MR, Afzalaghaee M, Hamidi S, et al. Prevalence of toxocariasis and its related risk factors in humans, dogs and cats in northeastern Iran: a population-based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019;113(7):399-409.
16. Pezeshki A, Haniloo A, Alejafar A, et al. Detection of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public places in and around of Ardabil City, Northwestern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12(1):136-142.
17. Alavi SM, Sefidgaran G. Frequency of anti Toxocara antibodies in school children with chronic cough and eosinophilia in Ahwaz, Iran. Pak J Med Sc. 2008;24(3):360-363.
18. Sarkari B, Alirezaei R, Layegh Gigloo A, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Tox-ocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran. Parasite Immunol. 2018;40(11):e12582.
19. Garedaghi Y. Seroprevalence of toxocaria-sis in children in East-Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Cukurova Med J. 2013;38(4):581-6.
20. Maraghi S, Rafiei A, Hajihossein R, et al. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in hypereo-sinophilic individuals in Ahwaz, south-western Iran. J Helminthol. 2012;86(2):241-4.
21. Sadjjadi S, Khosravi M, Mehrabani D, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in school children in Shiraz, Southern Iran. J Trop Pediatr. 2000;46(6):327-30.
22. Habluetzel A, Traldi G, Ruggieri S, et al. An estimation of Toxocara canis prevalence in dogs, environmental egg contamination and risk of human infection in the Marche region of Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2003;113(3-4):243-52.
23. Alonso JM, Bojanich MV, Chamorro M, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2000;42(4):235-7.
24. Baboolal S, Rawlins SC, et al. Seropreva-lence of toxocariasis in schoolchildren in Trinidad. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(2):139-43.
25. Abo-Shehada M, Sharif L, El-Sukhon S, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis anti-bodies in humans in northern Jordan. J Helminthol. 1992;66(1):75-8.
26. Berenji F, Pouryousef A, Abdolmajid F, et al. Seroepidemiological study of toxocaria-sis in the owners of domestic cats and dogs in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2016;11(2):265-268.
27. Sharif M, Daryani A, Barzegar G, et al. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in school-children in Northern Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13(4):180-4.
28. Rostami A, Riahi SM, Holland CV, et al. Seroprevalence estimates for toxocariasis in people worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(12): e0007809.
29. Nourian A, Amiri M, Ataeian A, et al. Seroepidemiological study for toxocariasis among children in Zanjan-northwest of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(14):1844-7.
30. Teixeira CR, Chieffi PP, Lescano SA, et al. Frequency and risk factors for toxocariasis in children from a pediatric outpatient cen-ter in southeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2006;48(5):251-5.
31. Khoshnood S, Pestehchian N, Hejazi SH, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence and associat-ed risk factors among Ilam children, West of Iran. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2019;7(1): 81349.
32. Mahmoudvand H, Taee N, Ebrahimzadeh F, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxocara canis infection in children (2-15 Years old) referred to health centers of Lorestan province, Iran. J Pediatric Infect Dis. 2018;13(1):20-24.
33. Khorashad AS, Shahraki M, Balaghaleh MR, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in children (3–13 years old) in Zahedan, Southeast of Iran. J Parasit Dis. 45(2):449-453.
34. Cheraghali F, Jouybari FF, Tohidi F, et al. Seroprevalence, risk factors, and clinical symptoms of Toxocara spp. infection among children 3-15 years old in northern Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 76:101643.
2. Fisher M. Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19 (4):167-70.
3. Despommier D. Toxocariasis: clinical as-pects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(2):265-72.
4. Pawlowski Z. Toxocariasis in humans: clinical expression and treatment dilemma. J Helminthol, 2001;75(4):299-305.
5. Dogan S, Beyazit Y, Altintas ND, et al. Systemic toxocariasis presenting with leu-kemoid reaction and hypereosinophilia. Am J Hematol. 2005;79(2):171.
6. Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Lee SP, et al. The prevalence and diagnostic value of toxoca-riasis in unknown eosinophilia. Ann He-matol. 2006;85(4):233-8.
7. Eslahi AV, Badri M, Khorshidi A, et al. Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infec-tion among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach. BMC Infec-tious Diseases. 2020;20(1):1-17.
8. Zibaei M, Sadjjadi SM. Trend of toxocaria-sis in Iran: a review on human and animal dimensions. Iran J Vet Res. 2017;18(4):233-242.
9. Jin Y, Shen C, Huh S, et al. Serodiagnosis of toxocariasis by ELISA using crude anti-gen of Toxocara canis larvae. Korean J Para-sitol. 2013;51(4):433-9.
10. Anaruma Filho F, Chieffi PP, Correa CRS, et al. Human toxocariasis: a seroepidemio-logical survey in the municipality of Cam-pinas (SP), Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2002;44(6): 303-7.
11. Lescano SAZ, Chieffi PP, Peres BA, et al. Soil contamination and human infection by Toxocara sp. in the urban area of Lima, Peru. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1998;93(6):733-4.
12. Abdi J, Darabi M, Sayehmiri K, et al. Epi-demiological situation of toxocariasis in Iran: meta-analysis and systematic re-view.Pak J Biol Sci. 2012; 15(22):1052-5.
13. Shafiei R, Rahimi MT, Emameh RZ, et al. Status of human toxocariasis, a neglected parasitic zoonosis in Iran: a systematic re-view from past to current. Trop Doct, 2020;50(4):285-291.
14. Hosseini-Safa A, Mousavi SM, Badorani MBB, et al. Seroepidemiology of toxocari-asis in children (5–15 yr old) referred to the pediatric clinic of Imam Hossein Hos-pital, Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10(4):632-7.
15. Rezaiemanesh MR, Afzalaghaee M, Hamidi S, et al. Prevalence of toxocariasis and its related risk factors in humans, dogs and cats in northeastern Iran: a population-based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2019;113(7):399-409.
16. Pezeshki A, Haniloo A, Alejafar A, et al. Detection of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public places in and around of Ardabil City, Northwestern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12(1):136-142.
17. Alavi SM, Sefidgaran G. Frequency of anti Toxocara antibodies in school children with chronic cough and eosinophilia in Ahwaz, Iran. Pak J Med Sc. 2008;24(3):360-363.
18. Sarkari B, Alirezaei R, Layegh Gigloo A, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Tox-ocara infection among children in a rural community in Fars province, southern Iran. Parasite Immunol. 2018;40(11):e12582.
19. Garedaghi Y. Seroprevalence of toxocaria-sis in children in East-Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Cukurova Med J. 2013;38(4):581-6.
20. Maraghi S, Rafiei A, Hajihossein R, et al. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in hypereo-sinophilic individuals in Ahwaz, south-western Iran. J Helminthol. 2012;86(2):241-4.
21. Sadjjadi S, Khosravi M, Mehrabani D, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in school children in Shiraz, Southern Iran. J Trop Pediatr. 2000;46(6):327-30.
22. Habluetzel A, Traldi G, Ruggieri S, et al. An estimation of Toxocara canis prevalence in dogs, environmental egg contamination and risk of human infection in the Marche region of Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2003;113(3-4):243-52.
23. Alonso JM, Bojanich MV, Chamorro M, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2000;42(4):235-7.
24. Baboolal S, Rawlins SC, et al. Seropreva-lence of toxocariasis in schoolchildren in Trinidad. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(2):139-43.
25. Abo-Shehada M, Sharif L, El-Sukhon S, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis anti-bodies in humans in northern Jordan. J Helminthol. 1992;66(1):75-8.
26. Berenji F, Pouryousef A, Abdolmajid F, et al. Seroepidemiological study of toxocaria-sis in the owners of domestic cats and dogs in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2016;11(2):265-268.
27. Sharif M, Daryani A, Barzegar G, et al. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in school-children in Northern Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13(4):180-4.
28. Rostami A, Riahi SM, Holland CV, et al. Seroprevalence estimates for toxocariasis in people worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(12): e0007809.
29. Nourian A, Amiri M, Ataeian A, et al. Seroepidemiological study for toxocariasis among children in Zanjan-northwest of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(14):1844-7.
30. Teixeira CR, Chieffi PP, Lescano SA, et al. Frequency and risk factors for toxocariasis in children from a pediatric outpatient cen-ter in southeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2006;48(5):251-5.
31. Khoshnood S, Pestehchian N, Hejazi SH, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence and associat-ed risk factors among Ilam children, West of Iran. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2019;7(1): 81349.
32. Mahmoudvand H, Taee N, Ebrahimzadeh F, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxocara canis infection in children (2-15 Years old) referred to health centers of Lorestan province, Iran. J Pediatric Infect Dis. 2018;13(1):20-24.
33. Khorashad AS, Shahraki M, Balaghaleh MR, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in children (3–13 years old) in Zahedan, Southeast of Iran. J Parasit Dis. 45(2):449-453.
34. Cheraghali F, Jouybari FF, Tohidi F, et al. Seroprevalence, risk factors, and clinical symptoms of Toxocara spp. infection among children 3-15 years old in northern Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021; 76:101643.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v17i1.9011 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Seroepidemiology Human toxocariasis Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Heidari Z, Alizadeh Z, Afzoun Khiyavi H, Molaei S, Mahdavi A, Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B. Seroprevalence of Human Toxocariasis in Children (5–15-Year-Old) Using ELISA Method in Ardabil District, North-West of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2022;17(1):10-17.
