Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Artemisia persica, A. spicigera, and A. fragrance against Leishmania major
-
Mehdi Najm
,
Ramtin Hadighi
,
Maryam Heidari-Kharaji
,
Maryam Alipour
,
Maryam Hajizadeh
,
Raheleh Rafiei Sefiddashti
,
Aliehsan Heidari
,
Alireza Badirzadeh
Abstract
Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) like zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), is a widespread infectious disease with high mortality and morbidity. Various medications are used for treating the disease, but several side effects and drug resistance have been reported. Herbal medicines are unlimited sources for discovering new medications to treat infectious diseases. We aimed to determine the leishmanicidal activity of three species of Iranian Artemisia herbal plant extracts in in-vitro.
Methods: In-vitro anti-leishmanial activity of ethanolic extracts on both promastigotes and amastigotes was determined by using MTT method. IC50, CC50, EC50 and SI were calculated. The study was done in 2019-2020 in Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Results: All of the three Artemisia species significantly reduced the number of parasite promastigotes. Among them, A. persica had the highest leishmanicidal activity against parasite promastigotes. Cytotoxicity assay elucidated that the Artemisia had no toxicity to the host cells, and killed the L. major amastigotes very efficiently. By increasing the dose of extracts, the parasite number in both phases (promastigotes and amastigotes) was reduced significantly.
Conclusion: These results indicated satisfactory anti-leishmanial activity of Artemisia extracts against ZCL in-vitro. Accordingly, Artemisia ethanolic extracts might be considered as a strong, effective and safe herbal compound for clearing the L. major with less toxicity to the host macrophages cells. Hence, it may be recognized as an excellent herbal therapy for treating the ZCL.
1. Akhoundi M, Kuhls K, Cannet A, Votýpka J, Marty P, Delaunay P, Sereno D. A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(3):e0004349.
2. Néris PL, Caldas JP, Rodrigues YK, Amorim FM, Leite JA, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S, Barbosa-Filho JM, Rodrigues LC, Oliveira MR. Neolignan licarin a presents effect against Leishmania (Leishmania) major associated with immunomodulation in vitro. Exp Parasitol. 2013;135(2): 307-13.
3. Barani S, Turki H, Shafiei R, Jafarzadeh F, Maleki HH, Raeghi S. Clinico-hematological findings of acute pediatric visceral leishmaniasis referred to the northeast of iran during 2005-2015. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(2):214-22.
4. Azizi MH, Bahadori M, Dabiri S, Shamsi Meymandi S, Azizi F. A History of Leishmaniasis in Iran from 19th Century Onward. Arch Iran Med. 2016;19(2):153 –62.
5. Nzelu CO, Kato H, Peters NC. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(11):e0007698.
6. Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli R, Sharififar F, Minaie K, Ezatpour B, Jahanbakhsh S, Sharifi I. Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of Nigella sativa and its active principle, thymoquinone. Pharm Biol. 2015;53(7):1052-7.
7. Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Farhadi S, Ezatpour B, Khamesipour A, Kazemi B, Ebrahimzade F, Rashidipour M. The effect of satureja khuzestanica essential oil on the lesions induced by Leishmania major in Balb/c mice. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(5):648-53.
8. Hadighi R, Mohebali M, Boucher P, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A, Ouellette M. Unresponsiveness to glucantime treatment in iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to drug-resistant Leishmania tropica parasites. PLoS Med. 2006;3(5):e162.
9. Machado M, Pires P, Dinis A, Santos-Rosa M, Alves V, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, Sousa M. Monoterpenic aldehydes as potential anti-leishmania agents: Activity of Cymbopogon citratus and citral on L. Infantum, L. tropica and L. major. Exp Parasitol. 2012;130(3):223-31.
10. Ahmadabad HN, Shafiei R, Hatam GR, Emameh RZ, Aspatwar A. Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in peritoneal macrophages of Balb/c mice exposed to fucose-mannose ligand of Leishmania infantum combined with glycyrrhizin. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):363.
11. Oliveira LF, Schubach AO, Martins MM, Passos SL, Oliveira RV, Marzochi MC, Andrade CA. Systematic review of the adverse effects of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in the new world. Acta Trop. 2011;118(2):87-96.
12. Ogeto T, Odhiambo R, Shivairo R, Muleke C, Osero B, Anjili C, Ingonga J, Osuga I. Antileishmanial activity of Aloe secundiflora plant extracts against Leishmania major. Adv Life Sci Tech. 2013;13:9-18.
13. Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Exploring the role of medicinal plant-based immunomodulators for effective therapy of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol. 2014;5:193.
14. Lage PS, de Andrade PHR, Lopes AdS, Chávez Fumagalli MA, Valadares DG, Duarte MC, Pagliara Lage D, Costa LE, Martins VT, Ribeiro TG. Strychnos pseudoquina and its purified compounds present an effective in vitro antileishmanial activity. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013.
15. Sifaoui I, López-Arencibia A, Martín-Navarro CM, Chammem N, Reyes-Batlle M, Mejri M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Abderabba M, Piñero JE. Activity of olive leaf extracts against the promastigote stage of Leishmania species and their correlation with the antioxidant activity. Exp Parasitol. 2014;141:106-11.
16. Ezzatzadeh E. Phytoconstituents and biological activities of Artemisia kopetdaghensis. Health Biotechnol Biopharma. 2017;1(3):65-76.
17. Bidgoli, RD. Chemical composition of essential oil and antifungal activity of Artemisia persica Boiss. from Iran. J Food Sci Technol. 2021;58(4):1313-8.
18. Tan RX, Zheng W, Tang H. Biologically active substances from the genus Artemisia. Planta Med. 1998;64(04):295-302.
19. Han J, Zhao Y, Shan L-M, Huang F, Xiao X. An experiment on standardized cell culture assay in assessing the activities of composite Artemisia capillaris tablets against hepatitis b virus replication in vitro. Chin J Integr Med. 2005;11(1):54-6.
20. Mueller MS, Runyambo N, Wagner I, Borrmann S, Dietz K, Heide L. Randomized controlled trial of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L.(annual wormwood) in the treatment of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(5):318-21.
21. Nibret E, Wink M. Volatile components of four ethiopian Artemisia species extracts and their in vitro antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(5):369-74.
22. Nahrevanian H, Esmaeili B, Kazemi M, Nazem H, Amini M. In vivo antimalarial effects of iranian flora Artemisia khorassanica against Plasmodium berghei and pharmacochemistry of its natural components. Iran J Parasitol. 2010;5(1):6–19.
23. Shafi PM, Nambiar MG, Clery RA, Sarma Y, Veena S. Composition and antifungal activity of the oil of Artemisia nilagirica (clarke) pamp. J Essent Oil Res. 2004;16(4):377-379.
24. Karamoddini MK, Emami SA, Ghannad MS, Sani EA, Sahebkar A. Antiviral activities of aerial subsets of Artemisia species against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) in vitro. Asian Biomed. 2011;5(1):63-8.
25. Afshar FH, Delazar A, Nazemiyeh H, Esnaashari S. Chemical composition, antioxidant, insecticidal and general toxicity activities of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia spicigera and Artemisia splendens. Res Pharm Sci. 2012;7(5):786.
26. Chehregani A, Atri M, Yousefi S, Albooyeh Z, Mohsenzadeh F. Essential oil variation in the populations of Artemisia spicigera from northwest of iran: Chemical composition and antibacterial activity. Pharm Biol. 2013;51(2):246-52.
27. Shafaghat A, Noormohammadi Y, Zaifizadeh M. Composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Artemisia fragrans willd. Leaves and roots from Iran. Nat Prod Commun. 2009;4(2):279 - 282.
28. Nahrevanian H, Aboufazeli F, Kazemi SM, Hajihosseini R, Naeimi S. Phytochemical evaluation and antimalarial effects of Artemisia turanica herbal extracts as an Iranian flora on Plasmodium berghei in vivo. J Nat Med. 2011;11(2):167-76.
29. Verma NK, Singh G, Dey CS. Miltefosine induces apoptosis in arsenite-resistant Leishmania donovani promastigotes through mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Parasitol. 2007;116(1):1-13.
30. Berman JD, Lee LS. Activity of antileishmanial agents against amastigotes in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Parasitol. 1984;70(2):220-225.
31. Simioni AR, Primo FL, Tedesco AC. Silicon (iv) phthalocyanine-loaded-nanoparticles for application in photodynamic process. J Laser Appl. 2012;24(1):012004.
32. Demarchi IG, Silveira TG, Ferreira IC, Lonardoni MV. Effect of hiv protease inhibitors on new world leishmania. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(4):538-44.
33. Kharaji MH, Doroud D, Taheri T, Rafati S. Drug targeting to macrophages with solid lipid nanoparticles harboring paromomycin: An in vitro evaluation against L. major and L. tropica. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016;17(5):1110-19.
34. Dutta A, Bandyopadhyay S, Mandal C, Chatterjee M. Development of a modified MTT assay for screening antimonial resistant field isolates of indian visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int. 2005;54(2):119-22.
35. Ngure PK, Tonui WK, Ingonga J, Mutai C, Kigondu E, Ng'ang'a Z, Rukunga G, Kimutai A. In vitro antileishmanial activity of extracts of Warburgia ugandensis (canellaceae), a kenyan medicinal plant. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3(2):61-6.
36. Jain SK, Sahu R, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. A parasite rescue and transformation assay for antileishmanial screening against intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes in THP1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. J Vis Exp. 2012;70:4054.
37. Lehnhardt Pires C, Rodrigues SD, Bristot D, Gaeta HH, de Oliveira Toyama D, Lobo Farias WR, Toyama MH. Evaluation of macroalgae sulfated polysaccharides on the Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigote. Mar Drugs. 2013;11(3):934-43.
38. Ramírez-Macías I, Maldonado CR, Marín C, Olmo F, Gutiérrez-Sánchez R, Rosales MJ, Quirós M, Salas JM, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro anti-Leishmania evaluation of nickel complexes with a triazolopyrimidine derivative against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. J Inorg Biochem. 2012;112:1-9.
39. Haynes RK, Krishna S. Artemisinins: activities and actions. Microbes Infect. 2004;6(14):1339-46.
40. Maia C, Rolão N, Nunes M, Gonçalves L, Campino L. Infectivity of five different types of macrophages by Leishmania infantum. Acta Trop. 2007;103(2):150-5.
41. Ramezani M, Behravan J, Yazdinezhad A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil of Artemisia khorassanica. from iran. Pharm Biol. 2005;42(8):599-602.
42. Juteau F, Masotti V, Bessiere JM, Dherbomez M, Viano J. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil. Fitoterapia. 2002;73(6):532-5.
43. Tariku Y, Hymete A, Hailu A, Rohloff J. Essential‐oil composition, antileishmanial, and toxicity study of Artemisia abyssinica and Satureja punctata ssp. punctata from ethiopia. Chem Biodivers. 2010;7(4):1009-1018.
44. Aloui Z, Messaoud C, Haoues M, Neffati N, Bassoumi Jamoussi I, Essafi-Benkhadir K, Boussaid M, Guizani I, Karoui H. Asteraceae artemisia campestris and Artemisia herba-alba essential oils trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016.
45. KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Dayer MS. In-vitro and in-vivo comparative effects of the spring and autumn-harvested Artemisia aucheri bioss extracts on leishmania major. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;257:112910.
46. Monzote L, Piñón A, Scull R, Setzer WN. Chemistry and leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil from Artemisia absinthium from cuba. Nat Prod Commun. 2014;9(12):1799-1804.
47. Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Want MY, Tyagi M, Abdin MZ, Sahal D, Afrin F. Leishmanicidal activities of Artemisia annua leaf essential oil against visceral leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:626.
48. Tariku Y, Hymete A, Hailu A, Rohloff J. In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity and toxicity of essential oils of Artemisia absinthium and Echinops kebericho. Chem Biodivers. 2011;8(4):614-23.
49. Emami SA, Rabe SZT, Ahi A, Mahmoudi M. Inhibitory activity of eleven Artemisia species from Iran against Leishmania major parasites. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2012;15(2):807-11.
50. Rahiminejad A, Tappeh KH, Seyyedi S, Mikaili P. The in vitro effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia absinthium on the growth of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) in peritoneal macrophages from Balb/c mice. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2018;11(11):e77302.
51. Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by eugenol-rich oil of Syzygium aromaticum. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(Pt 1):74-85.
2. Néris PL, Caldas JP, Rodrigues YK, Amorim FM, Leite JA, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S, Barbosa-Filho JM, Rodrigues LC, Oliveira MR. Neolignan licarin a presents effect against Leishmania (Leishmania) major associated with immunomodulation in vitro. Exp Parasitol. 2013;135(2): 307-13.
3. Barani S, Turki H, Shafiei R, Jafarzadeh F, Maleki HH, Raeghi S. Clinico-hematological findings of acute pediatric visceral leishmaniasis referred to the northeast of iran during 2005-2015. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(2):214-22.
4. Azizi MH, Bahadori M, Dabiri S, Shamsi Meymandi S, Azizi F. A History of Leishmaniasis in Iran from 19th Century Onward. Arch Iran Med. 2016;19(2):153 –62.
5. Nzelu CO, Kato H, Peters NC. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(11):e0007698.
6. Mahmoudvand H, Tavakoli R, Sharififar F, Minaie K, Ezatpour B, Jahanbakhsh S, Sharifi I. Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of Nigella sativa and its active principle, thymoquinone. Pharm Biol. 2015;53(7):1052-7.
7. Kheirandish F, Delfan B, Farhadi S, Ezatpour B, Khamesipour A, Kazemi B, Ebrahimzade F, Rashidipour M. The effect of satureja khuzestanica essential oil on the lesions induced by Leishmania major in Balb/c mice. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(5):648-53.
8. Hadighi R, Mohebali M, Boucher P, Hajjaran H, Khamesipour A, Ouellette M. Unresponsiveness to glucantime treatment in iranian cutaneous leishmaniasis due to drug-resistant Leishmania tropica parasites. PLoS Med. 2006;3(5):e162.
9. Machado M, Pires P, Dinis A, Santos-Rosa M, Alves V, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, Sousa M. Monoterpenic aldehydes as potential anti-leishmania agents: Activity of Cymbopogon citratus and citral on L. Infantum, L. tropica and L. major. Exp Parasitol. 2012;130(3):223-31.
10. Ahmadabad HN, Shafiei R, Hatam GR, Emameh RZ, Aspatwar A. Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in peritoneal macrophages of Balb/c mice exposed to fucose-mannose ligand of Leishmania infantum combined with glycyrrhizin. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):363.
11. Oliveira LF, Schubach AO, Martins MM, Passos SL, Oliveira RV, Marzochi MC, Andrade CA. Systematic review of the adverse effects of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment in the new world. Acta Trop. 2011;118(2):87-96.
12. Ogeto T, Odhiambo R, Shivairo R, Muleke C, Osero B, Anjili C, Ingonga J, Osuga I. Antileishmanial activity of Aloe secundiflora plant extracts against Leishmania major. Adv Life Sci Tech. 2013;13:9-18.
13. Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Exploring the role of medicinal plant-based immunomodulators for effective therapy of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol. 2014;5:193.
14. Lage PS, de Andrade PHR, Lopes AdS, Chávez Fumagalli MA, Valadares DG, Duarte MC, Pagliara Lage D, Costa LE, Martins VT, Ribeiro TG. Strychnos pseudoquina and its purified compounds present an effective in vitro antileishmanial activity. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013.
15. Sifaoui I, López-Arencibia A, Martín-Navarro CM, Chammem N, Reyes-Batlle M, Mejri M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Abderabba M, Piñero JE. Activity of olive leaf extracts against the promastigote stage of Leishmania species and their correlation with the antioxidant activity. Exp Parasitol. 2014;141:106-11.
16. Ezzatzadeh E. Phytoconstituents and biological activities of Artemisia kopetdaghensis. Health Biotechnol Biopharma. 2017;1(3):65-76.
17. Bidgoli, RD. Chemical composition of essential oil and antifungal activity of Artemisia persica Boiss. from Iran. J Food Sci Technol. 2021;58(4):1313-8.
18. Tan RX, Zheng W, Tang H. Biologically active substances from the genus Artemisia. Planta Med. 1998;64(04):295-302.
19. Han J, Zhao Y, Shan L-M, Huang F, Xiao X. An experiment on standardized cell culture assay in assessing the activities of composite Artemisia capillaris tablets against hepatitis b virus replication in vitro. Chin J Integr Med. 2005;11(1):54-6.
20. Mueller MS, Runyambo N, Wagner I, Borrmann S, Dietz K, Heide L. Randomized controlled trial of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L.(annual wormwood) in the treatment of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(5):318-21.
21. Nibret E, Wink M. Volatile components of four ethiopian Artemisia species extracts and their in vitro antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(5):369-74.
22. Nahrevanian H, Esmaeili B, Kazemi M, Nazem H, Amini M. In vivo antimalarial effects of iranian flora Artemisia khorassanica against Plasmodium berghei and pharmacochemistry of its natural components. Iran J Parasitol. 2010;5(1):6–19.
23. Shafi PM, Nambiar MG, Clery RA, Sarma Y, Veena S. Composition and antifungal activity of the oil of Artemisia nilagirica (clarke) pamp. J Essent Oil Res. 2004;16(4):377-379.
24. Karamoddini MK, Emami SA, Ghannad MS, Sani EA, Sahebkar A. Antiviral activities of aerial subsets of Artemisia species against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv1) in vitro. Asian Biomed. 2011;5(1):63-8.
25. Afshar FH, Delazar A, Nazemiyeh H, Esnaashari S. Chemical composition, antioxidant, insecticidal and general toxicity activities of essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia spicigera and Artemisia splendens. Res Pharm Sci. 2012;7(5):786.
26. Chehregani A, Atri M, Yousefi S, Albooyeh Z, Mohsenzadeh F. Essential oil variation in the populations of Artemisia spicigera from northwest of iran: Chemical composition and antibacterial activity. Pharm Biol. 2013;51(2):246-52.
27. Shafaghat A, Noormohammadi Y, Zaifizadeh M. Composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Artemisia fragrans willd. Leaves and roots from Iran. Nat Prod Commun. 2009;4(2):279 - 282.
28. Nahrevanian H, Aboufazeli F, Kazemi SM, Hajihosseini R, Naeimi S. Phytochemical evaluation and antimalarial effects of Artemisia turanica herbal extracts as an Iranian flora on Plasmodium berghei in vivo. J Nat Med. 2011;11(2):167-76.
29. Verma NK, Singh G, Dey CS. Miltefosine induces apoptosis in arsenite-resistant Leishmania donovani promastigotes through mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Parasitol. 2007;116(1):1-13.
30. Berman JD, Lee LS. Activity of antileishmanial agents against amastigotes in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Parasitol. 1984;70(2):220-225.
31. Simioni AR, Primo FL, Tedesco AC. Silicon (iv) phthalocyanine-loaded-nanoparticles for application in photodynamic process. J Laser Appl. 2012;24(1):012004.
32. Demarchi IG, Silveira TG, Ferreira IC, Lonardoni MV. Effect of hiv protease inhibitors on new world leishmania. Parasitol Int. 2012;61(4):538-44.
33. Kharaji MH, Doroud D, Taheri T, Rafati S. Drug targeting to macrophages with solid lipid nanoparticles harboring paromomycin: An in vitro evaluation against L. major and L. tropica. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2016;17(5):1110-19.
34. Dutta A, Bandyopadhyay S, Mandal C, Chatterjee M. Development of a modified MTT assay for screening antimonial resistant field isolates of indian visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int. 2005;54(2):119-22.
35. Ngure PK, Tonui WK, Ingonga J, Mutai C, Kigondu E, Ng'ang'a Z, Rukunga G, Kimutai A. In vitro antileishmanial activity of extracts of Warburgia ugandensis (canellaceae), a kenyan medicinal plant. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3(2):61-6.
36. Jain SK, Sahu R, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. A parasite rescue and transformation assay for antileishmanial screening against intracellular Leishmania donovani amastigotes in THP1 human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. J Vis Exp. 2012;70:4054.
37. Lehnhardt Pires C, Rodrigues SD, Bristot D, Gaeta HH, de Oliveira Toyama D, Lobo Farias WR, Toyama MH. Evaluation of macroalgae sulfated polysaccharides on the Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigote. Mar Drugs. 2013;11(3):934-43.
38. Ramírez-Macías I, Maldonado CR, Marín C, Olmo F, Gutiérrez-Sánchez R, Rosales MJ, Quirós M, Salas JM, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro anti-Leishmania evaluation of nickel complexes with a triazolopyrimidine derivative against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. J Inorg Biochem. 2012;112:1-9.
39. Haynes RK, Krishna S. Artemisinins: activities and actions. Microbes Infect. 2004;6(14):1339-46.
40. Maia C, Rolão N, Nunes M, Gonçalves L, Campino L. Infectivity of five different types of macrophages by Leishmania infantum. Acta Trop. 2007;103(2):150-5.
41. Ramezani M, Behravan J, Yazdinezhad A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil of Artemisia khorassanica. from iran. Pharm Biol. 2005;42(8):599-602.
42. Juteau F, Masotti V, Bessiere JM, Dherbomez M, Viano J. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil. Fitoterapia. 2002;73(6):532-5.
43. Tariku Y, Hymete A, Hailu A, Rohloff J. Essential‐oil composition, antileishmanial, and toxicity study of Artemisia abyssinica and Satureja punctata ssp. punctata from ethiopia. Chem Biodivers. 2010;7(4):1009-1018.
44. Aloui Z, Messaoud C, Haoues M, Neffati N, Bassoumi Jamoussi I, Essafi-Benkhadir K, Boussaid M, Guizani I, Karoui H. Asteraceae artemisia campestris and Artemisia herba-alba essential oils trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016.
45. KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Dayer MS. In-vitro and in-vivo comparative effects of the spring and autumn-harvested Artemisia aucheri bioss extracts on leishmania major. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;257:112910.
46. Monzote L, Piñón A, Scull R, Setzer WN. Chemistry and leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil from Artemisia absinthium from cuba. Nat Prod Commun. 2014;9(12):1799-1804.
47. Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Want MY, Tyagi M, Abdin MZ, Sahal D, Afrin F. Leishmanicidal activities of Artemisia annua leaf essential oil against visceral leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:626.
48. Tariku Y, Hymete A, Hailu A, Rohloff J. In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity and toxicity of essential oils of Artemisia absinthium and Echinops kebericho. Chem Biodivers. 2011;8(4):614-23.
49. Emami SA, Rabe SZT, Ahi A, Mahmoudi M. Inhibitory activity of eleven Artemisia species from Iran against Leishmania major parasites. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2012;15(2):807-11.
50. Rahiminejad A, Tappeh KH, Seyyedi S, Mikaili P. The in vitro effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia absinthium on the growth of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) in peritoneal macrophages from Balb/c mice. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2018;11(11):e77302.
51. Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by eugenol-rich oil of Syzygium aromaticum. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(Pt 1):74-85.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 3 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7100 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Artemisia Leishmania major Parasitology | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Najm M, Hadighi R, Heidari-Kharaji M, Alipour M, Hajizadeh M, Rafiei Sefiddashti R, Heidari A, Badirzadeh A. Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Artemisia persica, A. spicigera, and A. fragrance against Leishmania major. Iran J Parasitol. 2021;16(3):464-473.
