Modification on Direct Agglutination Antigen Preparation for Simplified Sero-Diagnosis of Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis
,
Abstract
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is systematic serous parasitic disease with public health importance. Zoonotic form of visceral leishmaniasis is wide spread in Mediterranean basin and South America regions. Direct agglutination test (DAT) is an accurate, reliable and non-expensive serological test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human and canines but the antigen preparation involves some limitations. This study aimed to compare the conventional production of DAT antigen with our modified DAT antigen and then assessed on human and dog pooled sera.
Methods: Conventional DAT antigen has been prepared at the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and some modifications were carried out on it, which named as modified DAT antigen. Three positive and one negative human and dog pooled serum were separately used for the comparison of modified DAT with conventional DAT antigen batches with one-month interval for a period of 9 months.
Results: A good concordance was observed between modified DAT compared to conventional DAT antigens for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis on human (100%) and dog (94.4%) pooled sera, respectively.
Conclusion: Since the modified DAT antigen could be reduced the preparation time from 3 days to several hours and a good degree of agreement was found between modified DAT and convention DAT antigen batches, it can be used as a simple and easy tool for screening and serodiagnosis of human and canine L. infantum infection.
Mohebali M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the Epidemiological and Clinical Features. Iran J Parasitol. 2013; 8: 348-58.
Edrissian, GhH, Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, So-leimanzadeh G, Bokaei S. Application and evaluation of direct agglutination test in serodi-agnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in man and canine reservoirs in Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 1996; 21: 119-24.
Edrissian GhH, Nadim A, Alborzi AV, Ar-dehali S. Visceral leishmaniasis: the Iranian ex-periences. Arch Iran Med.1998; 1: 22-6.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GhH, Nadim A, Haj-jaran H, Akhoundi B, Hooshmand B. et al. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological stud-ies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Para-sitol. 2006; 1: 15-25.
Mohebali M, Edrissian Gh H, Shirzadi, M R, Akhoundi, B, et al. An observational study on the current distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical zones of Iran and im-plication to health policy. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011; 9: 67-74.
World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniases, Technical Report Series 949, Re-port of a meeting of the WHO Expert Com-mittee on the Control of Leishmaniases, 2010; Geneva, 22-26 March.
Bokaei S, Mobedi I, Edrissian GhH, Nadim A. Seroepidemiological study of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin-Shahr, northwest of Iran. Arch Inst Razi. 1998; 48-49: 41-6.
Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Hamzavi Y, Mobedi I, Arshi S, et al. Epidemiological aspects of ca-nine visceral leishmaniasis in the Islamic Re-public of Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2005; 129: 243-51.
Moshfe A, Mohebali M, Edrissian Gh H, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, et al. Canine visceral leishman-iasis: asymptomatic infected dogs as a source of Leishmania infantum infection. Acta Trop. 2009; 112: 101-5.
Zijlstra EE, Nur Y, Desjeux P, Khalil, EAG, El-Hassan AM, Groen J. Diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis with the recombinant K39 strip test: experience from the Sudan. Trop Med Int Health. 2001; 2: 108-12.
Attar ZJ, Chance ML, el-Safi S, Carney J, Azazy A, El-Hadi M, Dourado C, Hommel M. Latex agglutination test for the detection of uri-nary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2001; 78 (1): 11-16.
Mohebali M, Taran M, Zarei Z. Rapid detec-tion of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs: comparative study using an immunochromato-graphic dipstick rk39 test and direct agglutina-tion. Vet Parasitol. 2004; 121(3-4): 239-45.
Abass E, Mahamoud A, Mansour D, Mohebali M, Harith A. Validation of a β-ME ELISA for detection of anti Leishmania donovani antibodies in eastern Sudan. Iran J Immunol. 2011; 8: 150-8.
Harith A, Kolk AHJ, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, et al. A simple and eco-nomical direct agglutination test forserodiagno-sis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 80: 583-87.
Harith A, Slappendel RJ, Reiter I, van Knapen F, de Korte P, Huigen F, et al. Application of direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti- Leishmania antibodies in the canine reser-voir. J Clin Microbiol. 1989; 27 (10): 2252-7.
Akhoundi B, Mohebali M, Babakhan L, Edris-sian GhH, Eslami MB, Keshavarz H, et al. Rapid detection of human Leishmania infantum infection: A comparative field study using the fast agglutination screening test and the direct agglutination test. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010; 8: 305-10.
Gomez-Ochoa P, Castillo J A, Lucientes J, Gascon M, Zarate J J, Arbea J I, et al. Modified direct agglutination test for simplified serologic diagnosis of leishmaniasiss. Clin Diag Lab Im-munol. 2003; 10 (5): 967-8.
Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. Chapman & Hall, London, UK. 2001.
Boelaert M, Safi S, Mousa H, Githure J, Mbati P, Gurubacharya VL, et al. Multicenter evalua-tion of repeatability and reproducibility of the direct agglutination test for visceral leishmania-sis. Trop Med Int Health. 1999; 4: 31-7.
Harith A, Kolk A, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Faber FJ, Muigai R, et al. Evaluation of a newly developed direct agglutination test (DAT) for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison with IFAT and ELISA. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987; 81: 603-6.
Singla N, Singh GS, Sundar S, Vinayak VK. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test as an immunodiagnostic tool for kala-azar in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993; 87: 276-8.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GhH, Shirzadi MR, Hosseingholizadeh Gh, Pashaei MH, Ganji A, et al. Integrated visceral leishmaniasis surveil-lance system in primary care for children in Meshkin-Shahr district, north-western Islamic Republic of Iran. East Med Health J. 2010; 16(10): 1050-4.
Boelaert M., Safi S, Jaquet D, de Muynck A, van der Stuyft P, Le Ray D. Operational valida-tion of the direct agglutination test for diagno-sis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999; 60:129-34.
Khamesipour A. Therapeutic vaccines for leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014; 31:1-9.
Nagill R, Kaur S. Vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis: a review. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011;11(10):1464-88.
Khalil EA, Musa AM, Modabber F, El-Hassan AM. Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis (Alum-
precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major + BCG) in children: an extended phase II study. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2006;26(4):357-61.
Musa AM, Khalil EA, Mahgoub FA, Elgawi SH, Modabber F, Elkadaru AE, et al. Imm-unochemotherapy of persistent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a novel approach to treatment. Trans R
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 3 (2015) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Direct agglutination test Antigen modification Visceral leishmaniasis | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
