Evaluation of Asymptomatic Malaria Status in Eastern of Afghanistan Using High Resolution Melting Analysis
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Abstract
Background: Malaria is threatening more than half of Afghanistan population. Asymptomatic malaria is notable problem against malaria controlling strategies. In this study we evaluated the asymptomatic malaria status in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan in 2017.
Methods: Overall, 296 finger blood samples were taken on DNA Banking Cards and microscopic slides from asymptomatic individuals in Jalalabad city. We used a novel post real time PCR high resolution melting analysis beside microscopy and semi-nested multiplex PCR to evaluate status of asymptomatic malaria in this city.
Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Jalalabad city was determined 1.7% (5/296), 7.43% (22/296) and 7.78% (26/296) by microscopy, Seminested multiplex PCR and qRT-PCR-HRM, respectively. Out of 26 positive cases were detected by qRT-PCR-HRM, 21, 1 and 4 cases were detected P. falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infection of P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively.
Conclusion: Our data indicating on existence of significant number of asymptomatic reservoirs that assists in prolonged endemicity of the disease. On the other hand, the molecular methods are better alternatives for microscopy especially for monitoring of asymptomatic cases of malaria.
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3. Anwar MY, Lewnard JA, Parikh S, et al. Time series analysis of malaria in Afghanistan: using ARIMA models to predict future trends in incidence. Malar J. 2016;15(1):566.
4. Laishram DD, Sutton PL, Nanda N, et al. The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malar J. 2012;11(1):29.
5. World Health Organization. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:1-65.
6. Chen I, Clarke SE, Gosling R, et al. “Asymptomatic” malaria: a chronic and debilitating infection that should be treated. PLoS Med. 2016;13(1):e1001942.
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8. Chua KH, Lim SC, Ng CC, et al. Development of high resolution melting analysis for the diagnosis of human malaria. Sci Rep. 2015;5.
9. Héritier L, Verneau O, Breuil G, et al. The high resolution melting analysis (HRM) as a molecular tool for monitoring parasites of the wildlife. Parasitol. 2017;144(5):563-70.
10. Awab GR, Pukrittayakamee S, Imwong M,et al. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus chloroquine to treat vivax malaria in Afghanistan: an open randomized, non-inferiority, trial. Malar J. 2010;9(1):105.
11. Rowland M, Mohammed N, Rehman H,et al. Anopheline vectors and malaria transmission in eastern Afghanistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(6):620-6.
12. Leslie T, Mikhail A, Mayan I, et al. Overdiagnosis and mistreatment of malaria among febrile patients at primary healthcare level in Afghanistan: observational study. BMJ. 345 (2012): e4389
13. Rubio J, Benito A, Roche J, et al. Semi-nested, multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of human malaria parasites and evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60(2):183-7.
14. Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Dabiri S, Ajdari S, et al. Assessment of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in precise identification and analysis of genetic polymorphisms for the evaluation of Leishmania parasites. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;46:33-41.
15. Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33(7):1870-4.
16. Lindblade KA, Steinhardt L, Samuels A, et al. The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(6):623-39.
17. McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, et al. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69(4):372-6.
18. Stow NW, Torrens JK, Walker J. An assessment of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis, local microscopy and a rapid imm-unochromatographic card test in comparison with expert microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in rural Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93(5):519-20.
19. Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, et al. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;61(2):315-20.
20. Humar A, Ohrt C, Harrington MA, et al. ParaSight® F test compared with the polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56(1):44-8.
21. Wang B, Han S-S, Cho C,et al. Comparison of microscopy, nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR assays using high-throughput screening of pooled samples for diagnosis of malaria in asymptomatic carriers from areas of endemicity in Myanmar. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(6):1838-45.
22. Elbadry MA, Al-Khedery B, Tagliamonte MS,et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections: a cross-sectional study in rural areas in six departments in Haiti. Malar J. 2015;14(1):510.
23. Hosseini-Safa A, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H,et al. High resolution melting analysis as an accurate method for identifying Leishmania infantum in canine serum samples. J Vector Borne Dis. 2018;55(4):315-320.
24. Hosseini-Safa A, Harandi MF, Tajaddini M, et al. Rapid identification of Echinococcus granulosus and E. canadensis using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis by focusing on single nucleotide polymorphism. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016 Jul 22;69(4):300-5.
25. Kipanga PN, Omondi D, Mireji PO, et al. High-resolution melting analysis reveals low Plasmodium parasitaemia infections among microscopically negative febrile patients in western Kenya. Malar J. 2014;13(1):429.
26. Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Lv Y, et al. Comparison of methods for detecting asymptomatic malaria infections in the China–Myanmar border area. Malar J. 2017;16(1):159.
27. Turki H, Zoghi S, Mehrizi A, et al. Absence of asymptomatic malaria infection in endemic area of bashagard district, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(1):36-44.
28. Zoghi S, Mehrizi AA, Raeisi A, et al. Survey for asymptomatic malaria cases in low transmission settings of Iran under elimination programme. Malar J. 2012;11(1):126.
29. Khan M, Mekan S, Abbas Z, et al. Concurrent malaria and enteric fever in Pakistan. Singapore Med J. 2005;46(11):635-8.
30. Ganguly S, Saha P, Guha SK, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in a tribal population in eastern India. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1439-44.
31. Eke R, Chigbu L, Nwachukwu W. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in a suburb of Aba Town, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2006;5(1):42-5.
32. Baliraine FN, Afrane YA, Amenya DA, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a highland area of western Kenya: a cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(1):66-74.
33. Nassir E, Abdel-Muhsin A-MA, Suliaman S, et al. Impact of genetic complexity on longevity and gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum during the dry and transmission-free season of eastern Sudan. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35(1):49-55.
34. Pongvongsa T, Nonaka D, Iwagami M, et al. Household clustering of asymptomatic malaria infections in Xepon district, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR. Malar J. 2016;15(1):508.
2. Adimi F, Soebiyanto RP, Safi N, et al. Towards malaria risk prediction in Afghanistan using remote sensing. Malar J. 2010;9(1):125.
3. Anwar MY, Lewnard JA, Parikh S, et al. Time series analysis of malaria in Afghanistan: using ARIMA models to predict future trends in incidence. Malar J. 2016;15(1):566.
4. Laishram DD, Sutton PL, Nanda N, et al. The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malar J. 2012;11(1):29.
5. World Health Organization. Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:1-65.
6. Chen I, Clarke SE, Gosling R, et al. “Asymptomatic” malaria: a chronic and debilitating infection that should be treated. PLoS Med. 2016;13(1):e1001942.
7. Aguilar JB, Gutierrez JB. An Epidemiological Model of Malaria Accounting for Asymptomatic Carriers. arXiv Preprint arXiv:161104668. 2016.
8. Chua KH, Lim SC, Ng CC, et al. Development of high resolution melting analysis for the diagnosis of human malaria. Sci Rep. 2015;5.
9. Héritier L, Verneau O, Breuil G, et al. The high resolution melting analysis (HRM) as a molecular tool for monitoring parasites of the wildlife. Parasitol. 2017;144(5):563-70.
10. Awab GR, Pukrittayakamee S, Imwong M,et al. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus chloroquine to treat vivax malaria in Afghanistan: an open randomized, non-inferiority, trial. Malar J. 2010;9(1):105.
11. Rowland M, Mohammed N, Rehman H,et al. Anopheline vectors and malaria transmission in eastern Afghanistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(6):620-6.
12. Leslie T, Mikhail A, Mayan I, et al. Overdiagnosis and mistreatment of malaria among febrile patients at primary healthcare level in Afghanistan: observational study. BMJ. 345 (2012): e4389
13. Rubio J, Benito A, Roche J, et al. Semi-nested, multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of human malaria parasites and evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60(2):183-7.
14. Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Dabiri S, Ajdari S, et al. Assessment of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in precise identification and analysis of genetic polymorphisms for the evaluation of Leishmania parasites. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;46:33-41.
15. Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33(7):1870-4.
16. Lindblade KA, Steinhardt L, Samuels A, et al. The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11(6):623-39.
17. McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, et al. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69(4):372-6.
18. Stow NW, Torrens JK, Walker J. An assessment of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis, local microscopy and a rapid imm-unochromatographic card test in comparison with expert microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in rural Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93(5):519-20.
19. Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, et al. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;61(2):315-20.
20. Humar A, Ohrt C, Harrington MA, et al. ParaSight® F test compared with the polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56(1):44-8.
21. Wang B, Han S-S, Cho C,et al. Comparison of microscopy, nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR assays using high-throughput screening of pooled samples for diagnosis of malaria in asymptomatic carriers from areas of endemicity in Myanmar. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(6):1838-45.
22. Elbadry MA, Al-Khedery B, Tagliamonte MS,et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections: a cross-sectional study in rural areas in six departments in Haiti. Malar J. 2015;14(1):510.
23. Hosseini-Safa A, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H,et al. High resolution melting analysis as an accurate method for identifying Leishmania infantum in canine serum samples. J Vector Borne Dis. 2018;55(4):315-320.
24. Hosseini-Safa A, Harandi MF, Tajaddini M, et al. Rapid identification of Echinococcus granulosus and E. canadensis using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis by focusing on single nucleotide polymorphism. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016 Jul 22;69(4):300-5.
25. Kipanga PN, Omondi D, Mireji PO, et al. High-resolution melting analysis reveals low Plasmodium parasitaemia infections among microscopically negative febrile patients in western Kenya. Malar J. 2014;13(1):429.
26. Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Lv Y, et al. Comparison of methods for detecting asymptomatic malaria infections in the China–Myanmar border area. Malar J. 2017;16(1):159.
27. Turki H, Zoghi S, Mehrizi A, et al. Absence of asymptomatic malaria infection in endemic area of bashagard district, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2012;7(1):36-44.
28. Zoghi S, Mehrizi AA, Raeisi A, et al. Survey for asymptomatic malaria cases in low transmission settings of Iran under elimination programme. Malar J. 2012;11(1):126.
29. Khan M, Mekan S, Abbas Z, et al. Concurrent malaria and enteric fever in Pakistan. Singapore Med J. 2005;46(11):635-8.
30. Ganguly S, Saha P, Guha SK, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in a tribal population in eastern India. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1439-44.
31. Eke R, Chigbu L, Nwachukwu W. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in a suburb of Aba Town, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2006;5(1):42-5.
32. Baliraine FN, Afrane YA, Amenya DA, et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a highland area of western Kenya: a cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(1):66-74.
33. Nassir E, Abdel-Muhsin A-MA, Suliaman S, et al. Impact of genetic complexity on longevity and gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum during the dry and transmission-free season of eastern Sudan. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35(1):49-55.
34. Pongvongsa T, Nonaka D, Iwagami M, et al. Household clustering of asymptomatic malaria infections in Xepon district, Savannakhet province, Lao PDR. Malar J. 2016;15(1):508.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15 No 2 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v15i2.3299 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Asymptomatic malaria Afghanistan High resolution melting analysis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
MOSAWI SH, DALIMI A, SAFI N, GHAFFARIFAR F, SADRAEI J. Evaluation of Asymptomatic Malaria Status in Eastern of Afghanistan Using High Resolution Melting Analysis. Iran J Parasitol. 2020;15(2):177-186.
