Epidemiological Study of Equine Piroplasmosis (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi) by Microscopic Examination and Competitive-ELISA in Erbil Province North-Iraq
,
Abstract
Background: Equine piroplasmosis is a major tick-borne disease that can lead to serious health problems and economic losses in horse industry. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in different species of Equus namely (Horse, mule, donkey and pony) by Giemsa stained blood films and competitive ELISA.
Methods: This study was conducted at various geographic areas of Erbil governorate. A total of 349 blood samples from equine (209 horses, 62 mule, 57 donkey and 21 ponies) were collected to estimate the prevalence rate of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi by using Giemsa stained blood smear and competitive ELISA.
Results: The overall prevalence rates were (10.6%) consisting of (8.3%), (1.7%) and (0.6) for T. equi, B. caballi and both infection respectively by Giemsa stained blood smears, and the rate was 38.97%, consisting of 20.9% for T. equi, 11.2% for B. caballi and 6.9% for both infection by cELISA. Seroprevalence rate of T. equi was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that B. caballi in equids. There was also a significant difference associated between age (P < 0.01), activity (P < 0.01), management (P < 0.001) and tick infestation (P < 0.001), but neither the type of equids nor the gender was significant differences associated with prevalence rate.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the equine piroplasmosis is a vital infection distributed among the equine in Erbil province North of Iraq. Thus a better control programme should be implemented to contain and control the prevalence of the disease within the area.
Selon D, Long M. Equine infectious disease. second edi. Debra Sellon MLo, editor. Saunders: Saunders Ltd, Missouri; 2007. 191-198 p.
Mehlhorn H, Schein E. Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998. Parasitol Res. 1998;
Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parisitology. 2004;
García-Sanmartín J, Barandika JF, Juste RA, García-Pérez AL, Hurtado A. Distribution and molecular detection of Theileria and Babesia in questing ticks from northern Spain. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;
Asenzo G, Wilkowsky S, Barrandeguy M, Mesplet M, Benitez D, Florin-Christensen M. Development of an indirect ELISA for the diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008.
Rothschild C, Knowles D. Equine piroplasmosis. In: Sellon, D. C. and Long MT eds, editor. Equine Infectious Diseases. Saunders, St. Louis; 2007. p. 465–473.
Knowles RC. Equine babesiasis: Epidemiology, control and chemotherapy. J Equine Vet Sci. 1988;
Cacciò S, Cammà C, Onuma M, Severini C. The β-tubulin gene of Babesia and Theileria parasites is an informative marker for species discrimination. Int J Parasitol. 2000;
Holman PJ, Hietala SK, Kayashima LR, Olson D, Waghela SD, Wagner GG. Case report: Field-acquired subclinical Babesia equi infection confirmed by in vitro culture. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;
García-Bocanegra I, Arenas-Montes A, Hernández E, Adaszek Ł, Carbonero A, Almería S, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infection in equids. Vet J. 2013;
Sumbria D, Singla LD, Kumar S, Sharma A, Dahiya RK, Setia R. Spatial distribution, risk factors and haemato-biochemical alterations associated with Theileria equi infected equids of Punjab (India) diagnosed by indirect ELISA and nested PCR. Acta Trop. 2016;
Huang X, Xuan X, Xu L, Zhang S, Yokoyama N, Suzuki N, et al. Development of an Immunochromatographic Test with Recombinant EMA-2 for the Rapid Detection of Antibodies against Babesia equi in Horses. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;
OIE. Equine piroplasmosis terrestrial manual [Internet]. 2008. 2013. Available from: http: //www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/team/2.05.08_EQUINE _PIROPL ASMO SIS. Pdf. Accessed April 1, 2013.
Soulsby. EJL. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7, illustr ed. Lea & Febiger, 1982; 1982.
Knowles DP, Kappmeyer LS, Stiller D, Hennager SG, Perryman LE. Antibody to a recombinant merozoite protein epitope identifies horses infected with Babesia equi. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;
Kappmeyer LS, Perryman LE, Hines SA, Baszler T V., Katz JB, Hennager SG, et al. Detection of equine antibodies to Babesia caballi by recombinant B. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a competitive-inhibition enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;
Zangana IK, Naqid IA. Prevalence of piroplasmosis (Theileriosis and Babesiosis) among goats in Duhok Governorate. Al-Anbar J Vet Sci. 2011;4(2).
Ameen KA. Occurrence of hard tick and its possible role in the transmission of pathogenic agents. University of Mosul, Iraq; 2012.
Al-Saad KM. Acute Babesiosis in Foals. J Anim Vet Adv. 2009;8(12):2585–9.
Alsaad KM, Alsaad EA, Al-Derawie HA. Clinical and Diagnostic Study of Equine Babesiosis in Drought Horses in Some Areas of Basrah Province. Res J Anim Sci [Internet]. 2010;4(1):16–22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3923/rjnasci.2010.16.22
Vali Abedi1, Gholamreza Razmi2* HS and, Naghibi2 A. Seroprevalence of Babesia caballi Infection in Horses in the North Khorasan Province of Iran. J Vet Sci Med diagnosis [Internet]. 2014;1(3):1–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2325-9590.1000130
Sevinc F, Maden M, Kumas C, Sevinc M, Ekici OD. A comparative study on the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in horse sub-populations in Turkey. Vet Parasitol. 2008;
Donnelly J, Joyner LP, Graham-Jones O, Ellis CP. A comparison of the complement fixation and immunofluorescent antibody tests in a survey of the prevalence of Babesia equi and Babesia caballi in horses in the sultanate of Oman. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1980;
Alanazi AD, Alyousif MS, Hassieb MM. Seroprevalence Study on Theileria equi and Babesia caballi Antibodies in Horses From Central Province of Saudi Arabia. J Parasitol. 2012;
Donnelly J, Joyner LP, Frank C. Quantitative epidemiological studies on the prevalence of babesiosis in horses in Kuwait. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1980;
Vial HJ, Gorenflot A. Chemotherapy against babesiosis. Vet Parasitol. 2006;
Rüegg SR, Heinzmann D, Barbour AD, Torgerson PR. Estimation of the transmission dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses. Parasitology. 2008;
Bahrami S, Ghadrdan AR, Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Vafayi Salarpur M. Epidemiology of Theileria equi in Persian Arab horses from Iran. Vet Med (Praha). 2014;
Munkhjargal T, Sivakumar T, Battsetseg B, Nyamjargal T, Aboulaila M, Purevtseren B, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of equine piroplasms in Tov province, Mongolia. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;
Davitkov D, Vucicevic M, Stevanovic J, Krstic V, Slijepcevic D, Glavinic U, et al. Molecular detection and prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses of central Balkan. Acta Parasitol. 2016;
Lewis B. Transplacental transmission of Babesia equi in horses and chemotherapy of small Babesia species [Internet]. 1998. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11892/178877
Guidi E, Pradier S, Lebert I, Leblond A. Piroplasmosis in an endemic area: analysis of the risk factors and their implications in the control of Theileriosis and Babesiosis in horses. Parasitol Res. 2014;
Zhang J, Kelly P, Li J, Xu C, Wang C. Molecular Detection of Theileria spp. in Livestock on Five Caribbean Islands. Biomed Res Int. 2015;
Ribeiro AJ, Cardoso L, Maia JM, Coutinho T, Cotovio M. Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal. Parasitol Res. 2013;
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v14i3.1479 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Epidemiology Equine piroplasmosis Erbil | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
