Investigation of Giardia intestinalis Genotypes among the Food Handlers of Qazvin, Iran
-
Mojtaba SHAHNAZI
,
Farzaneh NAGHIZADEH
,
Elham HAJIALILO
,
Safar Ali ALIZADEH
,
Mehrzad SARAEI
,
Mahmood ALIPOUR
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the genotypes of Giardia intestinalis among the food handlers in Qazvin, Iran.
Methods: Overall, 1530 stool specimens were collected from the food handlers who visited Shahid Bolandian Health Center, Qazvin, Iran during 2016. Specimens were evaluated by microscopic and concentration methods. Twenty specimens with appropriate number of giardia cysts were selected followed by DNA extraction. Determination of giardia genotypes was achieved through PCR and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. The phylogenetic tree was drawn using the MEGA7 software. Finally, the data were analyzed statistically with a P-value<0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: Twenty stool samples (1.3%) were positive for Giardia cyst. All positive specimens were obtained from male participants with abdominal cramp being their most common symptoms. The mean age for infected individuals was 32 yr. Molecular characterization was successfully performed for 17 isolates and two genotypes A (AII, 65%) and B (BIII, 35%) were identified.
Conclusion: The most prevalent giardia genotypes among the food handlers in Qazvin were A (AII) and B (BIII) genotypes with A (AII) genotype as the dominant one in the region. Considering the direct association between the food handlers and public health as well as the impact of geographical and host conditions on dispersion and pathogenicity of various genotypes and their zoonotic aspects, further investigations are necessary.
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14. Babaei Z, Oormazdi H, Akhlaghi L, et al. Molecular characterization of the Iranian isolates of Giardia lamblia: application of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Iran J Public Health. 2008;37(2):75-82.
15. Etamadi S, Zia-Ali N, Babai Z, Fasihi Harandi M, Zia-Ali A. The correlation be-tween clinical signs and genotypes of Giar-dia duodenalis isolated from patients with Giardiasis in Kerman city. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2014.
16. Nahavandi KH, Fallah E, Asgharzadeh M, Mirsamadi N, Mahdavipour B. Glutamate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate-isomerase coding genes for detection and genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia in human feces by PCR and PCR-RFLP. Turk J Med Sci. 2011;41(2):283-9.
17. Sarkari B, Ashrafmansori A, Hatam G, Motazedian M, Asgari Q, Moham-madpour I. Genotyping of Giardia lamblia isolates from human in southern Iran. Trop Biomed. 2012;29(3):366-71.
18. Hooshyar H, Ghafarinasab S, Arbabi M, Delavari M, Rasti S. Genetic variation of Giardia lamblia isolates from food-handlers in Kashan, Central Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12(1):83-89.
19. Fallah E, Nahavandi KH, Jamali R, Poor BM, Asgharzadeh M. Molecular identifica-tion of Giardia duodenalis isolates from hu-man and animal reservoirs by PCR-RFLP. J Biol Sci. 2008;8(5):896-901.
20. Garcia LS, Shimizu R. Comparison of clin-ical results for the use of ethyl acetate and diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedi-mentation technique performed on poly-vinyl alcohol-preserved specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1981;13(4):709-13.
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22. Çiçek C, Şakru N. Genotyping of Giardia intestinalis isolates in the Thrace Region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2015;49(4):576-85.
23. Gelanew T, Lalle M, Hailu A, Pozio E, Cacciò SM. Molecular characterization of human isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2007;102(2):92-9.
24. Lalle M, Pozio E, Capelli G, Bruschi F, Crotti D, Caccio SM. Genetic heterogenei-ty at the β-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic sub-genotypes. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35(2):207-13.
25. Choy SH, Mahdy MA, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Low VL, Surin J. Population expansion and gene flow in Giardia duodenalis as re-vealed by triosephosphate isomerase gene. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8(1):454.
26. Itagaki T, Kinoshita S, Aoki M, et al. Gen-otyping of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamete dehydrogenase gene sequencing. Vet Para-sitol. 2005;133(4):283-7.
27. Minvielle MC, Molina NB, Polverino D, Basualdo JA. First genotyping of Giardia lamblia from human and animal feces in Argentina, South America. Mem Inst Os-waldo Cruz. 2008;103(1):98-103.
28. Homan WL, Mank TG. Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31(8):822-6.
29. Manouchehri Naeini K, Hosseini SA, Gholipour A, Babaei Z, Taghipoor S. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates in individuals with and without chronic diar-rhea using Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Mazand Univ Med Sci. 2012;22(95):38-46.
30. Sahagun J, Clavel A, Goni P, et al. Correla-tion between the presence of symptoms and the Giardia duodenalis genotype. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(1):81-3.
31. Aydin AF, Besirbellioglu BA, Avci IY, Tanyuksel M, Araz E, Pahsa A. Classifica-tion of Giardia duodenalis parasites in Turkey into groups A and B using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;50(2):147-51.
32. Dib HH, Lu SQ, Wen SF. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia with or without diarrhea in South East, South East Asia and the Far East. Parasitol Res. 2008;103(2):239.
2. Thompson RA. Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoono-tic potential. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30(12-13):1259-67.
3. Buret A. Pathophysiology of enteric infec-tions with Giardia duodenalis. Parasite. 2008; 15(3):261-5.
4. Volotão A, Costa-Macedo L, Haddad F, Brandão A, Peralta J, Fernandes O. Geno-typing of Giardia duodenalis from human and animal samples from Brazil using β-giardin gene: A phylogenetic analysis. Acta Trop. 2007;102(1):10-19.
5. Helmy MM, Abdel-Fattah HS, Rashed L. Real-time PCR/RFLP assay to detect Giar-dia intestinalis genotypes in human isolates with diarrhea in Egypt. J Parasi-tol. 2009;95(4):1000-4.
6. Zemene T, Shiferaw MB. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children under the age of 5 years attending the De-bre Birhan referral hospital, North Shoa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:58.
7. Thompson RA. The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis. Vet Parasitol. 2004;126(1-2):15-35.
8. Ayeh-Kumi P, Quarcoo S, Kwakye-Nuako G, Kretchy J, Osafo-Kantanka A, Mortu S. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among food vendors in Accra, Ghana. J Trop Med. 2009;32(1):1-8.
9. Sharif M, Daryani A, Kia E, Rezaei F, Na-siri M, Nasrolahei M. Prevalence of intes-tinal parasites among food handlers of Sa-ri, Northern Iran. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2015;57(2):139-44.
10. Davami M, Kazaii M, Rafii M, et al. An Investigation on the Prevalence of Intesti-nal Parasitic Infections in Food Handlers in Arak (Iran) During 2002-03. J Jahrom Univ Med Sci. 2006;3(3):8-15.
11. Mowlavi G, MirAhmadi H, Rezaeian M, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in tribal parts of Khuzestan Province during 2005-07. Govaresh. 2008;12(4):219-28.
12. Lebbad M, Petersson I, Karlsson L, et al. Multilocus genotyping of human Giardia isolates suggests limited zoonotic trans-mission and association between assem-blage B and flatulence in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(8):e1262.
13. Li N, Xiao L, Wang L, et al. Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by genotyping and subtyping parasites in wastewater. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(9):e1809.
14. Babaei Z, Oormazdi H, Akhlaghi L, et al. Molecular characterization of the Iranian isolates of Giardia lamblia: application of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Iran J Public Health. 2008;37(2):75-82.
15. Etamadi S, Zia-Ali N, Babai Z, Fasihi Harandi M, Zia-Ali A. The correlation be-tween clinical signs and genotypes of Giar-dia duodenalis isolated from patients with Giardiasis in Kerman city. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2014.
16. Nahavandi KH, Fallah E, Asgharzadeh M, Mirsamadi N, Mahdavipour B. Glutamate dehydrogenase and triose-phosphate-isomerase coding genes for detection and genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia in human feces by PCR and PCR-RFLP. Turk J Med Sci. 2011;41(2):283-9.
17. Sarkari B, Ashrafmansori A, Hatam G, Motazedian M, Asgari Q, Moham-madpour I. Genotyping of Giardia lamblia isolates from human in southern Iran. Trop Biomed. 2012;29(3):366-71.
18. Hooshyar H, Ghafarinasab S, Arbabi M, Delavari M, Rasti S. Genetic variation of Giardia lamblia isolates from food-handlers in Kashan, Central Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12(1):83-89.
19. Fallah E, Nahavandi KH, Jamali R, Poor BM, Asgharzadeh M. Molecular identifica-tion of Giardia duodenalis isolates from hu-man and animal reservoirs by PCR-RFLP. J Biol Sci. 2008;8(5):896-901.
20. Garcia LS, Shimizu R. Comparison of clin-ical results for the use of ethyl acetate and diethyl ether in the formalin-ether sedi-mentation technique performed on poly-vinyl alcohol-preserved specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1981;13(4):709-13.
21. Cacciò SM, De Giacomo M, Pozio E. Se-quence analysis of the β-giardin gene and development of a polymerase chain reac-tion–restriction fragment length polymor-phism assay to genotype Giardia duodenalis cysts from human faecal samples. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32(8):1023-30.
22. Çiçek C, Şakru N. Genotyping of Giardia intestinalis isolates in the Thrace Region, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2015;49(4):576-85.
23. Gelanew T, Lalle M, Hailu A, Pozio E, Cacciò SM. Molecular characterization of human isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2007;102(2):92-9.
24. Lalle M, Pozio E, Capelli G, Bruschi F, Crotti D, Caccio SM. Genetic heterogenei-ty at the β-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic sub-genotypes. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35(2):207-13.
25. Choy SH, Mahdy MA, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Low VL, Surin J. Population expansion and gene flow in Giardia duodenalis as re-vealed by triosephosphate isomerase gene. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8(1):454.
26. Itagaki T, Kinoshita S, Aoki M, et al. Gen-otyping of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamete dehydrogenase gene sequencing. Vet Para-sitol. 2005;133(4):283-7.
27. Minvielle MC, Molina NB, Polverino D, Basualdo JA. First genotyping of Giardia lamblia from human and animal feces in Argentina, South America. Mem Inst Os-waldo Cruz. 2008;103(1):98-103.
28. Homan WL, Mank TG. Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31(8):822-6.
29. Manouchehri Naeini K, Hosseini SA, Gholipour A, Babaei Z, Taghipoor S. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates in individuals with and without chronic diar-rhea using Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Mazand Univ Med Sci. 2012;22(95):38-46.
30. Sahagun J, Clavel A, Goni P, et al. Correla-tion between the presence of symptoms and the Giardia duodenalis genotype. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(1):81-3.
31. Aydin AF, Besirbellioglu BA, Avci IY, Tanyuksel M, Araz E, Pahsa A. Classifica-tion of Giardia duodenalis parasites in Turkey into groups A and B using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;50(2):147-51.
32. Dib HH, Lu SQ, Wen SF. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia with or without diarrhea in South East, South East Asia and the Far East. Parasitol Res. 2008;103(2):239.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 4 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v14i4.2095 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Giardia Food handlers Glutamate dehydro-genase gene Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
SHAHNAZI M, NAGHIZADEH F, HAJIALILO E, ALIZADEH SA, SARAEI M, ALIPOUR M. Investigation of Giardia intestinalis Genotypes among the Food Handlers of Qazvin, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2019;14(4):534-541.
