Detection and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium species in Recreational Waters of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari Province of Iran using nested-PCR-RFLP
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to detect and characterize Cryptosporidium spp. in water samples collected from recreational ponds of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari Province of Iran .
Methods: Thirty water samples were collected from November 2009 to May 2010. Each sample contained 10 liters of water. We used the SSU rRNA-based PCR-RFLP technique.
Results: Out of thirty samples examined, 6 (20%) were positive for different Cryptosporidium spp. Restriction pattern analysis showed that C. parvum has been the most prevalent genotype, followed by C. hominis and C. canis , respectively. In this area, the higher prevalence of C. parvum compared with other genotypes is consistent with the distribution of cattle.
Conclusion: Farm animals, particularly cattle arethe main source of cryptosporidial contamination for recreational waters in this area.
Hart CA. Cryptosporidiosis. In: Gilles HM, editor. Protozoal Diseases. London: Arnold; 1999. p. 592-610.
McDonald V, Kelly MP. Intestinal coccidia: cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, cyclosporiasis. 2005 In: Cox FEG, Wakelin D, Gillespie SH, editors. Despommier D.D. Toply and Wilsonn's, editors. Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Parasitology. London: Hodder Arnold Ltd; Reprinted 2007. p. 399-420.
Morgan UM , Xiao L, Fayer R, Lal AA, Thompson RC. Variation in Cryptosporidium towards a taxonomic revision of the genus. Int J Parasitol. 1999; 29:1733-51.
Ryan UM, Monis P, Enemark HL, Sulaiman I, Samarasinghe B, Read C, Buddle R, Robertson I, Zhou L, Thompson RCA, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa). J Parasitol. 2004;90:769-73.
Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbio Rev. 2004;17:72-97.
Rose JB. Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications. Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;18:135-161.
Smith HV, Rose JB. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis: current status. Parasitol Today.1998; 14:14-22.
Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR. Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990;56:1423-28.
LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991;57: 2610-16.
Yu JR, O’Hara SP, Lin JL, Dailey ME, Cain G, Lin JL. A common oocysts surface antigen of Cryptosporidium recognized by monoclonal antibodies. Parasitol Res. 2002;88:412-20.
Johnson DW, Pieniazek NJ, Griffin DW, Misener L, Rose JB. Development of a PCR protocol for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995;61:3849-55.
Laxer MA, Timblin BK, Patel RJ. DNA sequences for the specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum by the polym-erase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991;45:688-94.
Xiao L. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004;17:483–90.
Cacciò SM, Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis, Parasitologia. 2005; 47(2):185-92.
Xiao L, Escalante L, Yang CF, Sulaiman I, Escalante AA, Montali RJ, Fayer R, Lal AA. Phylogenetic analysis of Crypto-sporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999; 65:1578-1583.
Fayer R, Santín M,DumitruMacarisin D. Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 2010;172: 23-32.
Xiao L, Alderisio K, Limor J, Royer M, Lal AA. Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000; 66:5492-8.
Ghalebin BM, Fallah E, Asgharzadeh M, Kazaemi AH, Arzanlou M. Detection and Identification of Cryptosporidium species in Water Samples from a River in Ardabil City, Northwestern Iran. Res J Bio Sci. 2007;2(4):498-502.
Karanis P, Sotiriadou I, Kartashev V, Kourenti C, Tsvetkova N and Stojanova K, Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies of Russia and Bulgaria. Env Res. 2006; 102(3): 260-271.
Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in developing countries. In: Ortega-Pierres G, Cacciò S., Fayer R, Mank TG, Smith HV, Thompson RCA, editors. Giardia and Cryptosporidium from molecules to disease. UK: CAB International; 2009. p.51-62.
Smith HV, Campbell BM, Peet J. The DWI-licensed Inter-laboratory Cryptosporidium Proficiency Scheme (CRYPTS). In: Hoyle BG, editor. Regulatory Cryptosporidium:11 Months On. Royal Society of Chemistry, Institution of Water Officers and Society of Chemical Industry; 2001. Paper 3-4.
Smith HV. Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water. In: Pickup RW, Saunders JR, editors. Molecular Approaches to Environmental Microbiology. London:Ellis- Horwood; 1996. p.195–225.
Nichols RAB, Campbell BM, Smith HV. Identification of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in United Kingdom noncarbonated natural mineral waters and drinking waters by using a modified nested PCR-RFLP assay. App and Env Micro. 2003;69:4183–9.
Xiao L, Singh A, Limor J, Graczyk TK, Gradus S, Lal AA. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of raw surface water and wastewater. Applied and Environ mental Microbiology. 2001;67, 1097– 1101.
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001;183:492–7.
Gatei W, Wamae CN, Mbae C, Waruru A, Mulinge E, Waithera T, Gatika SM, Kamwati SK, Revathi G, Hart CA. Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence,genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya. Am J Trop Med and Hyg. 2006;75:78–82.
Meamar AR, Guyot K, Certad G, Dei- Cas E, Mohraz M, Mohebali M, Mohammad K, Mehbod AA, Rezaie S, Rezaian M. Molecular characterization of Crypto-sporidium isolates from humans and animals in Iran. App and Env Micro. 2007;73, 1033–1035.
Xiao L, Lal AA, Jiang J. Detection and differentiatation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by PCR-RFLP, In the Public Health Microbiology, Method and Protocols, In: John FT, Ruget S, Alicia L. Otawa:Nj: Humana Press; 2004. p.163-267.
Keshavarz A, Haghighi A, Athari A, Kazemi B, Abadi A, Mojarrad EN, Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium in Qazvin province, Iran. Vet Par. 2009; 3- 4:316-318.
Mohammed HO, Wade SE . The Risk of Zoonotic Genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in Watersheds. In: Ortega- Pierres G, Cacciò SM, Fayer R, Mank TG, Smith HV, Thompson RCA, editors. Giardia and Cryptosporidium from molecules to disease. UK: CABInternational; 2009. p.123-132.
Files | ||
Issue | Vol 6 No 1 (2011) | |
Section | Articles | |
Keywords | ||
Recreational waters Cryptosporidium Genotyping Nested-PCR-RFLP Iran |
Rights and permissions | |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |