Epidemiological Aspects of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Baft District, Kerman Province, Southeast of Iran
-
H Mahmoudvand
,
M Mohebali
,
I Sharifi
,
H Keshavarz
,
H Hajjaran
,
B Akhoundi
,
S Jahanbakhsh
,
M Zarean
,
A Javadi
Abstract
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is an endemic disease in some areas of Iran. A cross- sectional study was conducted for sero-epidemiological survey of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Baft district from Kerman Province, southeast of Iran.
Methods: Blood samples were collected from children up to 12 years old and 10% of adult population from Baft villages with a multi-stage randomized cluster sampling. In addition, blood samples were collected from 30 domestic dogs from the same areas. All the collected blood samples were tested by direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in both human and dog using the cut-off value of ≥1:3200 and ≥ 1:320, respectively. Parasitological, molecular, and pathological were performed on infected dogs. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare sero-prevalence values.
Results: From 1476 collected human serum samples, 23 (1.55%) showed anti-Leishmania antibodies at titers of 1:800 and 1:1600 whereas 14 (0.95%) showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies at titers of ≤ 1:3200. No statistically significant difference was found between male (1.18 %) and female (0.69%) sero-prevalence (P=0.330). Children of 5-8 years showed the highest sero-prevalence rate (3.22%). Seven out of 30 domestic dogs (23%) showed anti-Leishmania antibodies at titers ≤1:320. Leishmania infantum was identified in five infected dogs by nested - PCR assay.
Conclusion: It seems that visceral leishmaniasis is being endemic in southern villages of Baft district, southeast of Iran.
Schmidt G, Roberts LS. Foundation of parasitology fourth edition .1989.
James William D, Berger Timothy G. Diseases of the Skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. 2006 .
Desjeux P. The increase of risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 95 (3): 239–243.
World Health Organization. The leishmaniases, Report of WHO Expert committee, World Health Organizatiom. Geneva.1990; 793.
Edrissian GhH, Nadim A, Alborzi A, Ardehali S. Visceral leishmaniasis. The Iranian Experience. Arch Iranian Med. 1998; 1 (1):22-26.
Edrissian GhH, Ahanchin H, Gharachani AR, Ghorbani M, Nadim A and Ardehali S. Seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis and search for animal reservoir in Fars province. J Iranian Med Sci.1993; 18:99-105.
Edrissian GhH, Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Soleimanzadeh G and Bokaei S. Application and evaluation of direct agglutination test in ser-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in man and canine reservoirs in Iran. Iranian J Med Sci. 1996; 21:119–124.
Mohebali M, Hamzavi Y, Edrissian GhH, Forouzani A. Seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Bushehr province, south of IR of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 2001; 7:912-917.
Fakhar M, Mohebali M, Barani M. Identification of Endemic focus of kalaazar and seroepidemiological study of visceral Leishmania infection in human and canine in Qom province, Iran. Armaghane Danesh (in Persian). 2004; 9(33):43-52.
Moshfe A, Mohebali M, Edrissian GhH, Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B, Zarei Z.Seroepidemiological study on canine visceral Leishmaniasis in Meshkin- Shahr district, Ardabil province, northwest of Iran during 2006-2007. Iranian J Parasitol. 2008; 3(3): 1-10.
Torabi V, Mohebli M, Edrissian GhH, Keshavarz H, Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B,Mohajeri M, Zarei Z, Sanati A, Delshad A. Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) by direct agglutination in Bojnoord district, northern Khorasan province. Iranian J Epidemiol. 2008; 4(3, 4): 43- 50.
Edrissian GhH, Hafizi A, Afshar A, Soleiman–zadeh G, Movahed-Danesh AM and Garoussi Z. An endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin- Shahr, east Azerbaijan province, northwest part of Iran and IFA serological survey of the disease in this area. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1988; 81(2):238–248.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GhH, Nadim A,M Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B, Hooshmand B, Zarei Z, Arshi Sh, Mirsamadi N, Manouchehri Naeini K, Mamishi S, Sanati AA, Moshfe AA, Charehdar S, Fakhar M. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iranian J Parasitol. 2006: 1(1):15-25.
Niknafs P, Daie Parizi M, Ahmadi A. Report of 40 cases of kala-azar from Kerman province. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 1994; 1: 30–37.
Barati M, Daie Parizi M, Sharifi I. Epidemiological and Clinical aspects of kala-azar in hospitalized children of Kerman province, during 1991-2006. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2008; 15(2):148- 155.
Keshavarz H, Zangiabadi M, Mamishi
S. Serological study on visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in children under 12 years in Baft district by IFAT, 1994.7th National congress of parasitic disease in Iran.1997;88.
Sharifi I, Daneshvar H. The prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in suspected canine reservoirs in southeastern Iran. Iranian J Basic Med Sci.1996; 21: 130-134.
Aghaie Afshar A, Rasi Y, Ebaie MR, Aghaie Afshar M. Determination of fauna and monthly activity of sandflies in the south of Baft district, Kerman province in 2004. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2004; 12(2):136-141.
Hailu A. Pre- and post-treatment antibody levels in visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990; 84(5): 673-675.
Schallig HDFH, Schoone GJ, KroonCCM, Hailu A, Chappuis F, Veeken H. Development and application of simple’ diagnostic tools for visceral leishmaniasis. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 190:69–71.
Ozbel Y, Oskam L, Ozensoy S, Turgay N, Alkan MZ, Jaffe CL, Ozcel MA. A survey on canine leishmaniasis in western Turkey by parasite. Acta Trop. 2000; 74:1–6.
Harith AE, Kolk AHJ, Leeuwenburg J et al. Improvement of direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1988; 26(7):1321–1325.
Harith A, Salappendel RJ, Reiter I, Knapen F, Korte P, Huigen E, Kolk RHG. Application of a direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti- Leishmania antibodies in the canine reservoir. J Clin Microbiol. 1989; 27:2252–2257.
Sambrook J, Russel DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 3rd Ed. New York. CHSL press. 2001. Chapter8.
Karamian M. A survey PCR utilization special primer in cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis and Leishmania species. (Msc. Thesis). Shiraz Univ Med Sci. 2001:69-90.
Noyes HA, Belli AA, Maingon R. Appraisal of various random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction primers for Leishmania identification. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996; 55(1):98–104.
Gavgani AS, Mohite H, Edrissian GH, Mohebali M, Davies CR. Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002; 67(5):511-515.
Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Hamzavi Y, Mobedi I, Arshi S, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Manouchehri Naeini K, Avizeh R, Fakhar M. Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 129(3–4):243–251.
Bokai S, Mobedi I, Edrissian Gh.H, Nadim A. Seroepidemiological study of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin- Shahr, northwest of Iran. Arch Inst Razi. 1998; 48-49:41–6.
Sharma MC, Gupta AK, Saran R, Sinha SP. The effect of age and sex on incidence of kala-azar. The Journal of Communicable Diseases. 1990; 22: 277-278.
Soleimanzadeh G, Edrissian GhH, Movahhed-Danesh AM, Nadim A. Epidemiological aspects of kala-azar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran: human infection. Bull World Health Org. 1993; 71(6):759–762.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GhH, Shirzadi MR, Akhoundi B, Hajjaran H, Zarei Z, Molaei S, Iraj Sharifi, Setareh Mamishi, Hossein Mahmoudvand , Vahid Torabi, Abdolali Moshfe AA, Malmasi AA, Motazedian MH. An observational study for current distribution of visceral leishm-aniasis in different geographical zones of Iran for implication of health policy. Travel Med Inf Dis. 2011;(in Press).
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 1 (2011) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Visceral leishmaniasis Sero-epidemiology Direct agglutination test Human Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
