Immunodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current Status and Challenges: A Review Article
,
Abstract
Background: Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is still challenging. This review highlighted current status and challenges in the serological diagnosis of VL. Furthermore, the drawback of currently available serological tests and the most recent advancement in the designing and application of these assays for the diagnosis of VL are addressed.
Methods: All the published literature cited within PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and IranMedex, regarding the immunodiagnosis of VL in human were sought from 2000 till Mar 2017. The search terms were “visceral leishmaniasis”, or “kala-azar" subsequently combined with the search terms "diagnosis", "serodiagnosis", "human", "serological", "antigen detection" or "antibody detection". Data were extracted from literature which fulfilled our eligibility criteria.
Results: Direct agglutination test (DAT) and rk39 dipstick have made a great improvement in the serological diagnosis of VL. Besides, other kinesin-related protein including K26, K28, and KE16 provided promisingly diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of VL. The Latex Agglutination Test for the diagnosis of VL (KAtex), with moderate sensitivity but high specificity, made a substantial contribution to the field. Moreover, a range of protein antigens has recently been detected in the urine of VL patients with encouraging diagnostic value.
Conclusion: The suboptimal diagnostic accuracy of the currently available serological assays for the diagnosis of human VL necessitates further research and development in this field. Outcomes of immunodiagnostic tests based on recombinant antigens are favorable. These proteins might be the most appropriate antigens to be further evaluated and utilized for the diagnosis of human VL.
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2. Postigo JA. Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010; 36 Suppl 1:S62-5.
3. Salam N, Al-Shaqha WM, Azzi A. Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: incidence and epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(10):e3208.
4. Okwor I, Uzonna J. Social and economic burden of human leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(3):489-93.
5. Mohebali M. Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 2013;8(3):348-58.
6. Mohebali M. Epidemiological status of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: experiences and review of literature. J Clinic Experiment Pathol. 2012; S3:003.
7. Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Shirzadi MR, et al. An observational study on the current distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical zones of Iran and implication to health policy. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011;9(2):67-74.
8. Sarkari B, Hatam G, Ghatee M. Epidemiological features of visceral leishmaniasis in Fars province, southern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2012;41(4):94-9.
9. Heydarpour F, Sari AA, Mohebali M, et al. Incidence and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (Dalys) attributable to leishmaniasis in Iran, 2013. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2016;26(4):381-8.
10. World Health Organization. Control of the leishmaniases: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Commitee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22-26 March 2010. 2010.
11. Sundar S, Chakravarty J. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of kala-azar. Natl Med J India. 2012;25(2):85-9.
12. de Ruiter CM, van der Veer C, Leeflang MM, et al. Molecular tools for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(9):3147-55.
13. Rezaei Z, Sarkari B, Dehghani M, et al. High frequency of subclinical Leishmania infection among HIV-infected patients living in the endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Fars province, southern Iran. Parasitol Res. 2018;117(8):2591-5.
14. Mohammadiha A, Mohebali M, Haghighi A, et al. Comparison of real-time PCR and conventional PCR with two DNA targets for detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in human and dog blood samples. Exp Parasitol. 2013;133(1):89-94.
15. Boelaert M, El-Safi S, Hailu A, et al. Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(1):32-40.
16. Cunningham J, Hasker E, Das P, et al. A global comparative evaluation of commercial immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):1312-9.
17. Sarkari B, Hatam G, Mikaeili F, et al. A comparative study of antigen and antibody detection in visceral leishmaniasis using serum and urine-based ELISA. Trop Biomed. 2008;25(2):96-9.
18. Hatam G, Mikaeili F, Sadjjadi S, et al. Direct agglutination test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol. 2007;2(3):24-8.
19. Ghatei MA, Hatam GR, Hossini MH, et al. Performance of latex agglutination test (KAtex) in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Immunol. 2009;6(4):202-7.
20. Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, et al. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986;80(4):583-36.
21. Mikaeili F, Fakhar M, Sarkari B, et al. Comparison of serological methods (ELISA, DAT and IFA) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis utilizing an endemic strain. Iran J Immunol. 2007;4(2):116-21.
22. Islam MZ, Itoh M, Mirza R, et al. Direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70(1):78-82.
23. Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Nadim A, et al. Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2006;1(1):15-25.
24. Edrisian GH, Hajaran H, Mohebali M, et al. Application and evaluation of direct agglutination test in sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in man and canine reservoirs in Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 1996;21:119-24.
25. Chappuis F, Rijal S, Jha UK, et al. Field validity, reproducibility and feasibility of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis in rural Nepal. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(1):31-40.
26. Jacquet D, Boelaert M, Seaman J, et al. Comparative evaluation of freeze-dried and liquid antigens in the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (ITMA-DAT/VL). Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(12):1777-84.
27. Abdallah KA, Nour BY, Schallig HD, et al. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test based on freeze-dried Leishmania donovani promastigotes for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudanese patients. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(10):1127-31.
28. Meredith SE, Kroon NC, Sondorp E, et al. Leish-KIT, a stable direct agglutination test based on freeze-dried antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(7):1742-5.
29. El-Moamly A, El-Sweify M, Hafeez M. Performance of rK39 immunochromatography and freeze-dried direct agglutination tests in the diagnosis of imported visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(1):349-54.
30. Oliveira E, Saliba SW, Saliba JW, et al. Validation of a direct agglutination test prototype kit for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013;107(4):243-7.
31. Patil RR, Muliyil JP, Nandy A, et al. Dynamics of the antibodies in cohorts of cured cases of visceral leishmaniasis: its implication on the validity of serological test, value in prognosis and in post therapeutic assessment. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8(6):725-30.
32. Schoone G, Hailu A, Kroon C, et al. A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;95(4):400-1.
33. Akhoundi B, Mohebali M, Babakhan L, et al. Rapid detection of human Leishmania infantum infection: a comparative field study using the fast agglutination screening test and the direct agglutination test. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010;8(5):305-10.
34. Edrissian GH, Darabian P, Zovein Z, et al. Application of the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1981;75(1):19-24.
35. Edrissian GH, Darabian P. A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the serodiagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73(3):289-92.
36. Kohanteb J, Ardehali S. Cross-reaction of sera from patients with various infectious diseases with Leishmania infantum. Med Princ Pract. 2005;14(2):79-82.
37. Costa MM, Penido M, dos Santos MS, et al. Improved canine and human visceral leishmaniasis immunodiagnosis using combinations of synthetic peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(5):e1622.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2018) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Immunodiagnosis Visceral leishmaniasis Antibody detection Antigen detection | ||
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How to Cite
1.
SARKARI B, REZAEI Z, MOHEBALI M. Immunodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current Status and Challenges: A Review Article. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;13(3):331-341.
