Prevalence of Intestinal Coccidial Infections among Different Groups of Immunocompromised Patients
Abstract
Background: Cryptosporidium and Isospora are known as one of the main cause of diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised subjects, all over the world. Incidence of enteropathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Isospora
belli considerably has increased, since immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rapidly disseminated. In addition, cancer patients are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis in immunocompromised patients in Tehran.
Methods: This study carried out on patients admitted to Imam Khomeini hospital during 2013-2014. Stool samples collected from 350 immunocompromised patients.Formol-ether concentration was performed for all stool samples. Zeil-
Neelsen technique was applied to stain the prepared smears and finally, all slides were examined by light microscope.
Results: Out of 350 patients, 195 (55.7%) and 155 (44.3%) were male and female,respectively. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 (0.9%) samples including one sample from HIV+/AIDS patients and 2 samples from organ transplant recipients.Isospora oocysts were detected in 4 (1.1%) samples consisting 2 HIV+/AIDS patients, one patients suffering from malignancy and one patients with other immunodeficiency
diseases.
Conclusion: Cryptosporidium sp, and I. belli are the most prevalent gastrointestinal parasitic protozoans that infect a broad range of individuals, particularly those patients who have a suppressed or deficient immunity system.
Gupta S, Narang S, Nunavath V, Singh S. Chronic diarrhoea in HIV patients: prevalence of coccidian parasites. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008; 26(2):172-5.
Ryan ET, Wilson ME, Kain KC. Illness after international travel. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(7):505-16.
Ud Din N, Torka P, Hutchison RE, Riddell SW, Wright J, Gajra A. Severe Isospora (Cystoisospora) belli diarrhea preceding the diagnosis of human T-cell-leukemia-virus-1-associated T-cell lymphoma. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2012; 2012:640104.
de Oliveira-Silva MB1, de Oliveira LR, Resende JC, Peghini BC, Ramirez LE, Lages-Silva E, Correia D.Seasonal profile and level of CD4+ lymphocytes in the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis and cystoisosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS patients in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2007; 40(5):512-5.
Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P, Shankar EM, Murugavel KG, Hanas S, Cecelia AJ, et al. High proportion of isosporiasis among HIV-infected patients with diarrhea in southern India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007; 77(5):823-4.
Baqai R, Anwar S, Kazmi SU. Detection of Cryptosporidium in immunosuppressed patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2005; 17(3):38-40.
Nahrevanian H, Assmar M. A case report of Cryptosporidiosis and Isosporiasis in AIDS patients in Iran. J Trop Med Parasitol. 2006; 29(1):33-6.
Cho EJ, Yang JY, Lee ES, Kim SC, Cha SY, Kim ST, et al. A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul. Korean J Parasitol. 2013; 51(4):461-6.
Certad G, Arenas-Pinto A, Pocaterra L, Ferrara G, Castro J, Bello A, et al. Isosporiasis in Venezuelan adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical characterization. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003; 69(2):217-22.
Dwivedi KK, Prasad G, Saini S, Mahajan S, Lal S, Baveja UK. Enteric opportunistic parasites among HIV infected individuals: associated risk factors and immune status. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2007; 60(2-3):76-81.
Hamedi Y, Safa O, Haidari M. Cryptosporidium infection in diarrheic children in southeastern Iran. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005; 24(1):86-8.
Nahrevanian H, Assmar M. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients in the Islamic Republic of Iran. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008; 41(1):74-7.
Seyrafian S, Pestehchian N, Kerdegari M, Yousefi HA, Bastani B. Prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection in hemodialysis patients in Iran. Hemodial Int. 2006;10(4):375-9.
Meamar AR, Rezaian M, Mohraz M, Zahabian F, Hadighi R, Kia E. A comparative analysis of intestinal parasitic infections between HIV+/AIDS patients and non-HIV infected individuals. Iran J Parasitol. 2007; 2(1):1-6.
Hazrati TK, Mohamadzadeh A, Mohamadi A, Yousefi M (2001). A case report of Isospora belli from west Azerbayjan province.Iran. Urmia Med J. 2001: 288-295.
Ghorbani MRM. Human infection with Isospora hominis. A case report. Iran J Public Health, 1985; 14 (1-4):9-15.
Rezaeian M. A report of 10 cases of human Isosporiasis in Iran. Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI). 1991;5(1):45-7.
Nateghi Rostami M, Nikmanesh B, Haghi-Ashtiani MT, Monajemzadeh M, Douraghi M, Ghalavand Z, et al. Isospora belli associated recurrent diarrhea in a child with AIDS. J Parasit Dis. 2014;38(4):444-6.
Wang L, Xiao L, Duan L, Ye J, Guo Y, Guo M, et al. Concurrent infections of Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Clostridium difficile in children during a cryptosporidiosis outbreak in a pediatric hospital in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; 7(9):e2437.
Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Castañeda Hernandez DM. Protozoa: Cystoisospora belli (Syn. Isospora belli). In: Encyclopedia of Food Safety; Editors: Motarjemi Y, Moy GG, Todd ECD,. Academic Press; 2014; 45-8.
Lee JK, Song HJ, Yu JR. Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in non-HIV patients in Jeollanam-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2005; 43(3):111-4.
Peletz R, Mahin T, Elliott M, Montgomery M, Clasen T. Preventing cryptosporidiosis: the need for safe drinking water. Bull World Health Organ. 2013; 91(4):238-8A.
Assefa S, Erko B, Medhin G, Assefa Z, Shimelis T. Intestinal parasitic infections in relation to HIV/AIDS status, diarrhea and CD4 T-cell count. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9(1):155.
Kelly P, Todd J, Sianongo S, Mwansa J, Sinsungwe H, Katubulushi M, et al. Susceptibility to intestinal infection and diarrhoea in Zambian adults in relation to HIV status and CD4 count. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009; 9(1):7.
Olusegun AF, Okaka CE, Luiz Dantas Machado R. Isosporiasis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Edo state, Nigeria. Malays J Med Sci. 2009; 16(3):41-44.
Lindsay DS, Dubey J, Blagburn BL. Biology of Isospora spp. from humans, nonhuman primates, and domestic animals. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10(1):19-34.
Kumar SS, Ananthan S, Lakshmi P. Intestinal parasitic infection in HIV infected patients with diarrhoea in Chennai. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2002; 20(2):88-91.
Assis DC, Resende DV, Cabrine-Santos M, Correia D, Oliveira-Silva MB. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2013; 55(3). pii: S0036-46652013000300149.
Ghorban NDA, Nahravanian H, Asmar M, Amirkhani A, Esfandiari B. Frequency of cryptosporidiosis and isoporiasis and other enteropathogenic parasites in gastroenteritic patients (Babol and Babolsar; 2005-2006). JBUMS. 2008; 10(2):56-61.
Forthal DN, Guest SS. Isospora belli enteritis in three homosexual men. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33(6):1060-4.
Lumb R, Hardiman R. Isospora belli infection. A report of two cases in patients with AIDS. Med J Australia. 1991;155(3):194-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 3 (2016) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cryptosporidiosis Isosporiasis Immunocompromised Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
