Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 337 345 Mohammad Saneian Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Barati Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyyed-Javad Hosseini-Shokouh Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arasb Dabbagh-Moghaddam Infectious Diseases Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Mirabedini Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 02 15 2025 09 01 Background: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in reducing the incidence of Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) among military personnel in Isfahan Province, Iran. Methods:  The ATSB solution was prepared and applied to vegetation located approximately 500 meters from residential areas to target and eliminate sand fly vectors. Clinical samples were subsequently collected from individuals with suspected CL. The number of CL new cases among military personnel in 2022 was compared with collected historical data from 2012 to 2021, including the number of CL new cases, demographic characteristics, and seasonal incidence patterns. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to assess whether the intervention led to a significant reduction in disease occurrence. Results: Following the application of ATSB, the new cases of CL among military personnel decreased from an average of 196 cases per year (2012–2021) to 55 cases in 2022. Seasonal analysis revealed a decline across all seasons, with the most notable reduction observed in autumn. Demographic analysis showed reductions in both male and female groups. However, statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated that the observed differences before and after the intervention were not statistically significant (P=0.087). Conclusion: Despite a decline in CL case numbers in the studied areas, the reduction following ATSB application was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, ATSB may serve as a promising complementary approach for controlling CL in endemic regions. Further studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are recommended to validate its effectiveness. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4522 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4522/1440

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 327 336 Panita Khampoosa Department of Public Health, Faculty of Physical Education, Sports and Health, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26210, Thailand Surat Haruay Community Health Program, Faculty of Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani 34000, Thailand 2025 04 11 2025 07 01 This study provides a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of Enterobius vermicularis prevalence in Thailand from 2013 to 2024, revealing significant regional disparities and key demographic risk factors. We provided a consolidated analysis of E. vermicularis prevalence in Thailand, encompassing data from 2013 to 2024 by reviewing findings from international databases (PubMed, Google Scholar), and local Thai publications. The studies reported a striking average prevalence of 11.39% in the Northern region, with alarmingly high rates reaching 46.55% in Sukhothai’s Satchanalai District, where children aged 1-4 years accounted for 83.33% of cases. In contrast, the Southern region showed a much lower average prevalence of 1.82%, influenced by hygiene practices, parental education, and sibling presence. The Central region’s average prevalence of 4.74% was associated with age, gender assigned at birth, and parental education. Housing conditions, including inadequate sanitation and overcrowding, consistently exacerbated transmission across all regions. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, including routine screenings for young children, enhanced hygiene education, and improved sanitation infrastructure, to combat E. vermicularis infections throughout Thailand effectively. Reporting this epidemiological evidence is crucial for informing and guiding effective public health policies and interventions, ultimately contributing to the reduction of E. vermicularis burden and improved population health. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4573 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4573/1439

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 475 481 Zeynab Askari Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Vafaei Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Faezeh Najafi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahbobeh Alizadeh Department of Infectious Diseases, Nosocomial Infections Fellowship, Development and Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Gholami Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Haleh Hanifian Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshrat Beigom Kia Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Mowlavi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 02 01 2025 05 17 Beef tape worm a zoonotic helminth of platyhelminth phylum, is reported here in a 28-year-old female patient from Tehran, Iran taking advantage of microscopic and molecular techniques. The occurrence of this infection has been recorded high in previous decades in Iran while its record nowadays looks rare in the country. Two 18s and Cox1 fragments were amplified and sequenced successfully using specific primers. This case underscores the potential for Taenia saginata transmission in the region, warranting rigorous slaughterhouse inspections and enhanced public awareness efforts. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4509 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4509/1454

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 346 355 Hossein Elyasi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Amir Hossein Hajari Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Ehsan Javaheri Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran 2024 10 07 2025 02 13 Background: Hydatidosis is one of the common parasitic diseases common to both humans and animals with global spread. The disease is very important from both public health and economic perspectives. The parasite presents with highly diverse genetic features, including a different genotype which affect the life cycle of the parasite, its transmission routes, pathogenicity, immunogenicity, response to drugs, epidemiology and disease control. Therefore, we aimed to identify the genotype of hydatid cysts isolated from slaughtered animals in Sabzevar and Neyshabour slaughterhouses by sequencing and high-resolution melting curve analysis. Methods: Out of 35 hydatid cyst samples, including 19 from sheep (15 liver and 4 lung samples) and 16 from cattle (9 liver and 7 lung samples) were included in this study. After the extraction of protoscoleces and DNA, a high-resolution melting curve analysis method was used to identify the genotype of the samples using pre-determined G1, G3, and G6 standard samples. Results: Out of 35 hydatid cyst samples, 89.5% G1 and 10.5% G6 were detected in sheep samples, and 93.7% G1 and 6.3% G6 were detected in cattle samples. Results showed in the Sabzevar City, dominant genotype there was G1 and COX1 gene considered a perfect biomarker in a molecular identification and phylogenetic study of this parasite. Conclusion: G1 was the most prevalent in samples of hydatid cysts (both sheep and cattle) in Sabzevar, while in Neyshabour samples, G1 and G6 were the most dominant types. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4398 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4398/1441

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 482 488 Asadbek Dadaboev Department of Hematology, Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Malika Solmetova 1. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Malikakhon Shukurova Department of Hematology, Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Sedigheh Shakib Kotamjani Department of English Language Teaching and Educational Management, School of Business, Central Asian University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2025 05 12 2025 09 01 Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare and severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), particularly uncommon in Uzbekistan. Leishmaniasis remains a major opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, especially in those with HIV, where co-infection with Leishmania spp. can result in atypical clinical manifestations, delayed diagnosis, and poor treatment response. This is a retrospective descriptive case report of a single pediatric patient. We report the first known case of DCL in an HIV-infected pediatric patient in Uzbekistan. A 14-year-old boy presented with multiple, non-ulcerative, progressively worsening skin lesions on the face and extremities over six months. Although he had no travel history to known endemic areas, he resided in a region with reported local transmission. Physical examination revealed extensive infiltrative plaques and nodules. Laboratory investigations, including Giemsa staining and PCR, confirmed Leishmania infection. Histopathological analysis showed both intravascular and extravascular amastigotes, and species identification revealed L. major. Imaging ruled out visceral involvement. Given the patient’s immunosuppressed status and the disseminated skin involvement, a diagnosis of DCL was established. Liposomal amphotericin B was initiated as first-line therapy. This case illustrates the diagnostic complexities of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients, where initial misdiagnoses (e.g., scabies or Kaposi’s sarcoma) may delay appropriate treatment. It highlights the critical need for heightened clinical suspicion, better diagnostic tools, and improved physician awareness in endemic and emerging transmission areas. In the context of rising HIV rates and growing domestic tourism to endemic zones, early screening and structured public health interventions are essential to reduce disease burden and improve patient outcomes in Uzbekistan. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4601 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4601/1455

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 356 365 Fariba Berenji Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Mohammadali Nahayati Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad, Iran Mehdi Afarideh Sani Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Mahdi Zarean 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran 2. Cutaneous Leishmania Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ghodratollah Salehi Sangani Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran 2. Cutaneous Leishmania Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2024 09 09 2025 02 13 Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a common intracellular parasite implicated in chronic infections that may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The potential role of T. gondii in triggering or exacerbating neuroinflammatory processes has been suggested in several recent studies. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti T. gondii IgG antibodies in MS patients compared to healthy individuals and to evaluate associated demographic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors. Methods:  In this cross-sectional case-control study at the Comprehensive MS Center of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, 99 MS patients and 92 matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum samples were tested for T. gondii IgG using ELISA, and data on demographics, pet ownership, diet, untreated water consumption, COVID-19 history, and MS symptoms (muscle weakness, bowel dysfunction, balance disorders, speech disturbances, and attack frequency) were collected. Multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between T. gondii seropositivity, clinical symptoms, and environmental factors. Results: T. gondii seropositivity was significantly higher in the MS group (22%) compared to controls (8%) (P = 0.013). Pet ownership, particularly cat ownership, was identified as a significant risk factor (OR = 5.089, P = 0.037). No significant associations were found between seropositivity and raw or undercooked meat consumption, unwashed vegetable intake, or history of COVID-19. Additionally, among clinical symptoms in MS patients, muscle weakness and bowel dysfunction showed significant positive associations with T. gondii seropositivity. Conclusion: The findings suggest a potential link between chronic T. gondii infection and MS, indicating that the parasite may play a role in modulating neuroinflammatory responses. Further longitudinal and multicenter studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the impact of antiparasitic treatments in MS management. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4363 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4363/1442

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 489 494 Mritunjay Kumar Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, India Apurba Debbarma Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India Joyabrata Roy Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India Debasish Behera Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India Hmar Lalrinkima Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India Pratik Bhowmik Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India 2025 01 19 2025 04 13 A 3-year-old cow which suffered from anorexia and high fever for the last 2 days was investigated at farmer door step. Detailed examination of cow showed high temperature (40.5 0C, pale conjunctival mucous membrane, increased size of pre-scapular lymph nodes and severe tick infestation. Examination of blood smear showed the presence of Theileria spp. Haematological values showed low value of hemoglobin (4 gm/dl), TEC (2.3x106/µl), PCV (14%) with mild leukocytosis (14.5x103/µl). The biochemical values were almost within the normal reference range except for AST (88U/L). PCR amplification of the hsp70 gene was done from genomic DNA which was isolated from cattle blood and the results showed amplification of approx. 270 bp. In silico analysis of the generated DNA sequence confirm the species of the parasite as T. annulata and the phylogenetic inference of the generated sequence (MH178373) showed cladding with Theileria infecting domesticate bovines. This study proposed the use of heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene of Theileria species for inter-species characterization and phylogeny. Treatment with intra-muscular single dose of Buparvaquone (Intas Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India; 2.50mg kg-1along with intra-muscular anti-pyrectic drugs Meloxicam and Paracetamol combination (Intas Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India;15 mg kg-1 q24)for 2 days and oral preparation of haematinics (Intas Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India;  50 ml q24) for 10 days. This is the first report on molecular detection of Theileria annulata infection from cattle in Tripura, as per available scientific literature. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4502 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4502/1456

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 366 377 Maryam Aghaei Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Hossein Khanahmad Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Shahrzad Aghaei 1. Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Akram Jalali Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Zabihollah Shahmoradi Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Nooshin Hashemi School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran Akram Sarmadi Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Shima Aboutalebian Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Sayed Mohsen Hosseini Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Seyed Hossein Hejazi Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2023 04 04 2025 01 12 Background: In the leishmaniasis parasitic infection, parasite escapes from the immune system of host or prevents macrophage apoptosis. It seems generating transgenic parasites to express proapoptotic proteins can accelerate the apoptosis of infected macrophage and prevent Leishmania differentiation. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of transgenic L. tropica expressing mLLO-BAX-SMAC in expediting macrophage apoptosis. Methods: This study was performed at the Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (2022 to 2023), Isfahan, Iran. mLLO-Bax-Smac coding sequence cloned in the pLexyNeo2 was entered into the L. tropica genome using homologous recombination. PCR, Western blot, and hemolysis tests were used to confirm integration accuracy. In addition, the apoptosis percentage of transgenic L. tropica- infected macrophages was assayed by flow-cytometry. Results: The proper integration of the mLLO-Bax-Smac fragment into the 18srRNA locus of L. tropica and mLLO -BAX-SMAC fusion protein expression was approved. Furthermore, results of flow cytometry showed the mean percentage of apoptosis among the groups is different and transgenic L. tropica leads to a decrease in the apoptosis time of infected macrophages compared to the wild type of Leishmania and to an increase in the immune system response. Conclusion: The data suggest the transgenic L. tropica can be used as an experimental model to expedite apoptosis of Leishmania-infected macrophage. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3917 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3917/1443

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 378 388 Afsaneh Khodadadi Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Hosein Rastgoo Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Elaheh Ghiyasipour Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Reza Moradmandpaeinroudposhti Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Arad Zandieh Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Zahirinia Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Mahdi Haghdadijoo Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran Ali Esfandani Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran Romina Rajabi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Amirohssein Marashi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Amin Dadboud Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran Hamidreza Majidiani Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran Parham Rahmanian Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 2024 11 13 2025 02 09 Background: A neglected zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the most common diseas in the developing nations worldwide. Vaccination is helpful in preventing the disease. Predicting main biochemical properties of the E. granulosus annexin (ANX) and its possible B-cell and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-binding epitopes as a viable vaccine candidate was the goal of the current study. Methods: This study was done in Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. Predictions about transmembrane domain, subcellular localization, post-translational modification (PTM) sites, physico-chemical, antigenic, and allergenic profiles, secondary and 3D structure, tertiary model refinement, and validations were done using online servers. Results: The cytoplasmic 79.05 kDa protein was non-allergenic, hydrophilic (GRAVY: -0.490), stable (instability: 39.30), with improved thermotolerance (aliphatic: 80.07) and 122 post-translational modification sites. The secondary structure mostly included helices and extended strands. The 3D model was generated using Robetta server (confidence: 0.59) and was refined and validated subsequently. Shared B-cell epitopes were discovered using ElliPro, ABCpred and SVMTriP servers with antigenicity, allergenicity, and solubility screening. Moreover, multiple human and mouse MHC-binding epitopes were predicted and screened in E. granulosus ANX. Conclusion: This work offers a foundation for further investigation regarding designing an effective vaccination against CE. Further empirical research using examined protein alone or in conjunction with other antigens/epitopes is needed in the future. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4429 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4429/1444

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 389 399 EN Rezvan Jamshidpour Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Reza Nabavi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978, Hamedan, Iran Hossein Moadab Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Farid Rezaei Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Abdolali Chale Chale Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Neil Sargison Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and RoslinInstitute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edin-burgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK 2025 04 11 2025 07 26 Background: Resistance to benzimidazole (BZ) by cyathostomin nematodes has become a major threat to equine health around the world. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BZ drugs against small strongyle nematodes in horses of western Iran using coprological and molecular examination. Methods: Faecal egg count reduction tests were performed on 398 horses kept in 16 stables in western Iran (Kermanshah Province), to detect benzimidazole resistance in small strongyle nematodes. Allele-specific PCR was used to identify the F200Y (TAC/TTC) SNP in the beta-tubulin gene codon in cyathostomin larvae. Results: There was a 96.1%-98.3% (90% CI) reduction in faecal egg counts following mebendazole treatment and a 96.6% - 98.7% (90% CI) reduction in faecal egg counts following fenbendazole treatment. The allele-specific PCR showed BZ-susceptible homozygote genotypes in all examined samples (Two pools of 10 to 50 L3 of cyathostomin nematodes from each of the 18 selected horses). Conclusion: Benzimidazole resistance in equine small strongyles has been reported globally, and the results of the present study were unexpected. The probable reasons for the slow development of BZ-resistance are climatic conditions in the country that have significant negative effects on the ability of free stages of the resistant strongyle nematode to survive and develop. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4571 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4571/1445

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 400 407 Entisar Mahdi Hamad Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Di-yala, Iraq 2. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Ghaffarifar Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Abdolhossein Dalimi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2025 04 04 2025 05 13 Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Iraq. However, epidemiological data from Diyala Province are limited. Diyala province is located in eastern of Iraq, on the border with Iran, and adjacent to Kermanshah Province, Iran. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of CL in Diyala Province from 2011-2021. Methods: Anonymous patient records on 25,474 confirmed CL cases in Diyala during 2011-2021 were analyzed to determine demographic, temporal, and geographic distributions. Results: Overall, 52% of cases occurred in females and 48% in males. The 5-14 yr age group had the highest burden (33%) while infants <1 year had the lowest (5%). Annual cases peaked at 4,425 in 2015 but declined to 2,158 by 2021. Among districts, Khanaqeen had the most cases (28%) while Mansouriyah had the least (10%). Monthly cases peaked in winter (November-February) and were lowest in summer (June-August). Conclusion: A high burden of CL was observed in Diyala during 2011-2021, with the highest risk among children. Significant geographic and seasonal variations were also evident. These findings can inform prevention and control strategies. The prevalence in this province in 2019 was 126 per 100000. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4563 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4563/1446

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 408 416 Parisa Shahbazi 1. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran 2. Abortion Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran Monireh Khordadmehr 1. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran 2. Abortion Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran Hassan Sadri 1. Abortion Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran 2. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran Jafar Shirazi 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran 2. Veterinary Organization, East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz, Iran Alireza Hakimnejad Veterinary Organization, East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz, Iran Maryam Moazzen Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran Faeghehossadat Mousavi Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516665-1647, Tabriz, Iran 2024 12 16 2025 09 01 Background: Toxoplasma gondii is recognized as one of the most important causes of abortion in small ruminants globally. This study was conducted to evaluate T. gondii in aborted fetuses of sheep and goats in East Azerbaijan Province, northwest Iran. Methods: A total of 62 aborted fetuses were collected from sheep and goat flocks from 2023-2024. The tissue samples following a systematic necropsy were obtained from the brains, livers, and lungs for histopathology and molecular studies. The conventional PCR method using specific primers was performed for molecular evaluations. Additionally, the formalin-fixed tissue samples were routinely conducted for histopathological examinations. Results: T. gondii was present in 40.32% (25/62) of the aborted fetus. In more detail, one, 7, and 15 positive samples were found in the lungs, livers, and brains, respectively. Additionally, one fetus was positive in both the liver and brain, and one fetus was positive in both lung and liver tissues. Histopathological studies demonstrated moderate to severe hyperemia and focal hemorrhage associated with focal to multifocal gliosis, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, focal to multifocal mononuclear hepatitis, and nonsuppurative pneumonia. Notably, the Toxoplasma tissue cysts were observed in the livers, but not in the lungs and brains.  Conclusion: The detection of T. gondii genome in the aborted fetuses with high prevalence rate indicates that this infection plays a notable role in the abortion of sheep and goats in East Azerbaijan. Therefore, fundamental management is necessary for the prevention and control of the disease in this region, particularly regarding zoonotic potential. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4486 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4486/1447

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 20 3 2025 09 01 417 424 Akram Azambakhtiar Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Nabian Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali 1. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Taheri Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Zabihollah Zarei Meshkin-Shahr Health Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Ardebil, Iran Ahmad Hosseini-Safa Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 12 11 2025 03 11 Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), is a serious parasitic disease. Domestic dogs in endemic regions act as primary reservoirs for the parasite. Early diagnosis, control, and regular screening of dogs are essential for effective disease management. This study aims to develop a practical, low-cost immunochromatographic test (ICT) for detecting specific anti-Leishmania antibodies in domestic dogs. Methods: Overall, 93 canine serum samples were collected from endemic and non-endemic areas of CVL in Iran. Rabbit anti-canine antibodies were conjugated with gold nanoparticles, and strips were coated with Leishmania antigens. A drop of serum was added to each strip, and a positive result was indicated by two red lines. The validity of ICT for the detection of CVL in the field was determined with comparing to direct agglutination test (DAT) as gold serological test on 40 sera with anti-Leishmania antibodies at titers ≥1:320 considered as positive control as well as 53 sera with no anti-Leishmania antibodies including 10 collected from healthy dogs and 43 from other infectious diseases considered as negative control sera.   Results: A sensitivity of 82.5% (CI 95%.78.1-86.9) and specificity of 90.5% (CI 95%. 87.7-92.5) were found at a 1:320 cut off titer when DAT confirmed cases were caringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil Maria Lonardoni 1. Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil 2. Departament of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil 3. Postgraduate Program of Biosciences and Pathophysiology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil 2021 03 26 2021 05 17 Background: We aimed to determine the cellular recruitment (leukocyte rolling and adhesion) by which the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, and L. (Leishmania) major species in the mesenteric microcirculation of BALB/c mice. Methods: Five experimental groups were considered: group 1 (L. braziliensis); group 2 (L. amazonensis); group 3 (L. major); group 4 (control group with PBS); group 5 (negative control group), analyzed 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after parasite inoculation. Results: Infections by the different Leishmania species caused an increase in the number of rolling leukocytes: L. braziliensis a peak at 6 h; L. amazonensis and L. major a peak at 3 h. The Leishmania infections induced leukocyte adhesion: L. major and L. amazonensis showed an increase after 3 and 6 h, respectively. Conclusion: The kinetics of cellular recruitment in Leishmania infections, leading to infection susceptibility or resistance, indicates that distinct mechanisms regulate the initial response to Leishmania infection and determine its course. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3303 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3303/1171

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 4 2021 11 24 576 586 EN Tahereh Azimpour-Ardakan Department of Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Reza Fotouhi-Ardakani Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Nasser Hoghooghi-Rad Department of Parasitology, School of Specialized Science of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Nourdehr Rokni Department of Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abbasali Motallebi Department of Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2020 07 03 2021 02 01 Background: A high correlation is observed between specific clonal lineages and host types in toxoplasmosis. The main objectives of this study were comparing polymorphism and evolutionary analysis of the B1 and ROP8 genes, as well as the evaluation of phylogenic and Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from different hosts and regions. Methods: Overall 96 brain/ diaphragm tissue samples of livestock and poultry from three provinces of Iran (cows: 9 from Yazd, 9 from Qom; sheep: 19 from Yazd, 7 from Qom; goats: 7 from Yazd, 4 from Qom; one camel from Yazd and 37 chickens, 2 roosters and one duck from Golestan) were tested during 2018-19. A nested PCR and PCR-PCR methods were developed with the B1 and ROP8 genes. Evaluation of genetic proximity, genetic diversity and evolutionary analysis were done using MEGA-X and DnaSP5 software. Thirty samples of both genes were sequenced (18 B1 and 12 ROP8 genes), and submitted to the GenBank (MN275903-MN275932). Results: Tajima's D index analyses showed that both genes were in the negative direction of evolution. The B1 gene was more sensitive than the ROP8 gene. The ROP8 gene showed better and more acceptable results in terms of the relationship between the host and the genotyping of the samples. Conclusion: The B1 gene was only an attractive target for rapid detection of T. gondii parasites, whereas the ROP8 gene due to a high level of polymorphism was able to isolate the three clonal lineages (type I, II and III), inter-types and even atypical strains from different isolates of T. gondii. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2973 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2973/1172

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 4 2021 11 24 587 592 Amir Masoud Salemi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Nasir Arefkhah Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran Fattaneh Mikaeili Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hamed Rabbani School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hesamodin Nabavizadeh Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2021 02 24 2021 07 07 Background: Human toxocariasis is caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati, the nematodes in the intestine of dogs and cats, respectively. Since the association between asthma and toxocariasis is controversial, the aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection among asthmatic children in comparison with healthy children. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 92 asthmatic and 91 healthy children aged 1-16 years old in Shiraz City, Southern Iran in 2019-2020. The serum samples were tested for IgG anti-Toxocara antibodies by ELISA method using the T. canis larval excretory-secretory (E/S) antigens. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in asthmatic patients was higher than the healthy children with no significant difference in Toxocara seropositivity between two groups (9.8% vs 8.8%, P = 0.817). The association between Toxocara infection and variables such as gender and age were not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was no significant association between toxocariasis and childhood asthma. Further study on different regions such as urban and rural areas with a large sample size and using questionnaire for considering risk factors of asthma and toxocariasis is recommended. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3275 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3275/1173

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 4 2021 11 24 593 600 EN Zahra Heidari Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Zahra Alizadeh Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soheila Molaei Vice-Chancellor of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Hadi Peeri Dogaheh Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Hafez Mirzanejad-Asl Department of Medical Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2020 12 03 2021 05 17 Background: Cystic Echinococcosis is considered a cosmopolitan cyclozoonotic parasitic infection. This study aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of human hydatidosis using ELISA test and find the role of mutable factors such as age, sex, occupation, residency in the broadcast of the parasites in rural Ardabil Province, North-West of Iran. Methods: The study population was 950 asymptomatic individuals selected randomly from urban and rural populations of Ardabil province, North-West of Iran by randomized cluster sampling in 2019-2020. Immunoglobulin G antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus spp. were analyzed by ELISA test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Overall, 42 (4.4%) of the participants had anti E. granulosus antibodies in this region. High titer antibodies were most prevalent in people age group of >70 yr old, rural areas, females and people having history of contact with dog that showed significant difference. There was no significant association between the presence of Echinococcus antibodies and sex, occupation, having history of eating unwashed vegetable. Conclusion: This is the first description of the seroprevalence of E. granulosus infection in the population in Ardabil Province, North-West of Iran. Obtained rate of hydatidosis approves the importance of diagnosing human cystic echinococcosis in these regions and it is expected that the authorities be careful to screen the disease. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3161 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3161/1174

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 4 2021 11 24 601 609 EN Esmat Mohammadi Khamsian 1. Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Bahador Hajimohammadi Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran AND Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Gilda Eslami Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Mohammad Hossein Fallahzadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Saeede Sadat Hosseini Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2020 12 08 2021 11 02 Background: Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan, causes toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was molecular detection of T. gondii in breast and goat milk samples by the molecular method in the central Iran. Methods: Totally, 300 human' and 200 goats' milk samples were collected randomly from different regions of central Iran in 2018. DNA extraction was performed by the salting-out method. Molecular detection of the parasite was done by nested-PCR using the specific primer pairs. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 23 using descriptive and Chi-square tests. Results: Out of 300 human milk samples, 1 sample (0.3%) was infected with T. gondii. Out of 200 samples of goat milk, 11 samples (5.5%) showed infection with T. gondii. The frequency of infection in goat's milk samples was 4.36% in the south and west, 1.9% in northern regions, and 2% in eastern regions of the province. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between toxoplasmosis and different geographical regions in the province. Conclusion: Because of the popularity of the goat milk and the transfection probability with the milk to humans, it is recommended to boil milk prior to use. Furthermore, case contamination of T. gondii in the human milk sample showed one of the important paths for infection transmission, which requires further studies. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3194 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3194/1175

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 4 2021 11 24 610 620 Yue Guo 1. School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China 2. Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China Hong Chang Zhou 1. School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China 2. Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China Hai Yan Dong 1. School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China 2. Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China Yun Liang Yao 1. School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China 2. Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China Bo Ying Xu School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China Yu Zhao School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China 2020 10 23 2021 05 17 Background: The adult stage is an important period in the life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, as it is at this stage that male and female worms produce thousands of fertilized eggs daily. Methods: To explore the transcriptional details of adult male and female A. cantonensis, three groups of male and female adult worms were collected, and their transcriptome profiles were analyzed using an Illumina next-generation sequencing platform. A total of 283,910,174 clean reads were obtained, and 137,626 unigenes and 237,059 transcripts were then generated. Unigenes were successfully annotated by querying the Gene Ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (NR), PFAM, STRING, and SWISS-PROT databases. Then, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the 2 genders were identified. The GO and KEGG databases were used for DEG annotation, and a number of DEG annotations were enriched. Results: The results obtained from querying DEGs using the GO and KEGG databases revealed that male and female adult worms exhibited differences in metabolism and production. Protein phosphorylation, ion transport, and calcium transport were all significantly enriched according to GO annotation. A number of other pathways were also enriched according to KEGG enrichment annotation, including the pentose phosphate pathway, nitrogen metabolism, oocyte meiosis pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway etc. Conclusion: We hypothesized that the nervous system of the worm plays a key role in the physiological regulation of adult A. cantonensis, and based on this, the function of the calcium-signaling pathway should be investigated. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3132 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3132/1176

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