Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 131 139 Amin Yazdani Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2. Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Narges Khamesi Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Alireza Keyhani Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Saeid Nasibi Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Seyed Mohammad Mousavi Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ali Derakhshani Research Center for hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Majid Fasihi Harandi Research Center for hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2024 01 23 2024 04 29 Background: We aimed to evaluate the differential expression of nanos and ago genes in the protoscoleces, germinal layer, the neck, and the sucker regions of adult Echinococcus granulosus. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018 at the Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. In the present study E. granulosus protoscoleces were cultured in a di-phasic medium to obtain strobilated worms. The strobilated worms were harvested and using a sterile razor blade, the neck region was separated. In the molecular study the neck sections were compared with the tissues derived from the suckers from the same worm. The primers were specifically designed for RT-qPCR on nanos and ago. The germinative cells were isolated from the cyst germinal layer and cultured in DMEM for further molecular studies. The Immunohistochemical profile was designed to explore the nature of nanos protein in the strobilated worms. Differences between and within groups were statistically assessed relative to the protoscoleces. Results: An increasing nanos gene expressions were found in sucker, neck, cells and germinal layer in comparison to the protoscoleces. The expression of ago gene was decreased in sucker, cell and germinal layer, and increased in the neck region in comparison to the protoscoleces. The results showed that both genes were expressed in all developmental stages of E. granulosus. Conclusion: nanos and ago genes were differentially expressed at different developmental stages of E. granulosus and may contribute to differentiation of the parasite. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4131 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4131/1351

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 255 259 EN Shabnam Asfaram Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Behnam Sajedi Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Arda-bil, Iran 2024 01 30 2024 04 29 Here we report biliary fascioliasis in two women 27 and 54 years old from Ardabil Province, Iran who presented with nausea, anorexia, weight loss, and pain between shoulder blades. Endoscopic ultrasound showed distal common bile duct strictures (CBD) and a lesion in its proximal. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed and live parasites were diagnosed and successfully managed into the duodenal lumen. The clinical findings of the patient improved after the procedure. This report emphasizes that the prevalence of Fasciola in Ardabil is predictable and this infection could be simultaneously diagnosed and treated by the ERCP. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4136 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4136/1363

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 140 152 Davood Anvari 1. Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran 2. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran Shirzad Gholami Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Adel Spotin Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Seyed Abdollah Hosseini Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Ahmad Daryani Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Shahabeddin Sarvi Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Mohammad Reza Narouei Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Mona Hosseini Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Abolghasem Siyadatpanah Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran 2021 06 15 2024 06 09 Background: Current study was designed to provide a better insight into the circulating genotypes, genetic diversity, and population structure of Echinococcus spp. between southeast of Iran and Pakistan. Methods: From Jun 2020 to Dec 2020, 46 hydatid cysts were taken from human (n: 6), camel (n: 10), goat (n: 10), cattle (n: 10) and sheep (n: 10) in various cities of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran, located at the neighborhood of Pakistan. DNA samples were extracted, amplified, and subjected to sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes. Results: The phylogeny inferred by the Maximum Likelihood algorithm indicated that G1 genotype (n: 19), G3 genotype (n: 14) and G6 genotype (n: 13) assigned into their specific clades. The diversity indices showed a moderate (nad1: Hd: 0.485) to high hap- lotype diversity (cox1: Hd: 0.867) of E. granulosus s.s. (G1/G3) and low nucleotide diver- sity. The negative value of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs test displayed deviation from neutrali- ty indicating a recent population expansion. A parsimonious network of the haplotypes of cox1 displayed star-like features in the overall population containing IR9/PAK1/G1, IR2/PAK2/G3 and IR18/G6 as the most common haplotypes. A pairwise fixation index (Fst) indicated that E. granulosus s.s. populations are genetically moderate differen- tiated between southeast of Iran and Pakistan. The extension of haplotypes PAK18/G1 (sheep) and PAK26/G1 (cattle) toward Iranian haplogroup revealed that there is dawn of Echinococcus flow due to a transfer of alleles between mentioned populations through transport of livestock or their domestication. Conclusion: The current findings strengthen our knowledge concerning the evolution- ary paradigms of E. granulosus in southeastern borders of Iran and is effective in control- ling of hydatidosis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3366 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3366/1352

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 260 266 Aabid Ashraf Department of General Surgery, Gulf Asian Medical Center, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia Ritika Mittal MM Medical College and Hospital, Solan, India 2023 12 13 2024 02 17 Hydatid disease is endemic in some regions of the world. Even in endemic regions, splenic hydatid cysts are rare, especially in pregnancy. The most serious presentation is intra peritoneal rupture, which is a surgical emergency. Exploration with splenectomy is the favoured management. We present a case of splenic hydatid cyst, detected late in pregnancy, with intraperitoneal rupture in the postpartum period. Cystic lesions located anywhere in the body in endemic regions could be hydatid cysts. Prompt treatment should be planned immediately on detection in order to prevent potentially serious complications like rupture. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4103 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4103/1364

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 153 161 Ali Moazezi Ghavihelm Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh Nabian Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Shahram Jamshidi Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Taheri Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Minoo Soltani Rastegar Reference Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Akbari Pazoki Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2023 06 17 2024 04 29 Background: Leishmania is a vector-borne protozoon, which causes visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis in human and animals. Monocyte-derived exosome vaccines can be used as prophylaxis and immunotherapy strategies. The aim of this study was to design a multiple-epitope candidate vaccine using leishmaniolysin (GP63) and rK39 proteins against Leishmania major and L. infantum for monocyte-derived exosome preparation. Methods: This study was carried out in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 2023–2024. Effective immunodominant epitopes were selected from two antigenic proteins of GP63 and rK39 using various immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches. Vibrio cholerae β-subunit was used as an adjuvant to stimulate immune responses. Then, appropriate linkers were selected for the fusion of epitopes. The 3D model of candidate vaccine was predicted and validated. Results: This designed candidate vaccine could effectively be used as a prophylaxis strategy against leishmaniosis. Conclusion: A candidate vaccine was designed using bioinformatic and immunoinformatic studies with virtual acceptable quality; however, effectiveness of this vaccine should be verified through further in-vitro and in-vivo studies. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3984 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3984/1353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 267 272 Feyzullah Uçmak Department of Gastroenterology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey Muhsin Kaya Department of Gastroenterology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey 2023 12 16 2024 02 17 Bleeding is a very rare complication of Fasciola species (F. hepatica or F. gigantica) infection. We present here three cases of subcapsular liver bleeding caused by the hepatic phase of Fasciola spp. infection in patients, two of whom were women, aged 22, 66, and 84 years in Diyarbakir Province, southeastern Turkey. They had symptoms of right upper quadrant pain (n = 3), nausea (n = 1), and vomiting (n = 2) for periods ranging from 6 hours to 15 days. All patients with clinical presentations ranging from moderate abdominal pain to hypovolemic shock and ischemic hepatitis were improved with supportive treatment without the need for surgery. They showed complete clinical and laboratory recovery after triclabendazole administration in their follow-up. In conclusion, Fasciola spp. infection should be considered in the etiology of bleeding from liver disease. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4107 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4107/1365

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 2 2024 06 09 162 170 Liqing Ma Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, P. R. China Yingna Jian Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, P. R. China Guanghua Wang Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, P. R. China Qigang Cai Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, P. R. ChinaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Omid Hospital, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Abbasali Eskandarian Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2021 08 20 2021 12 25 Malaria is a multilateral parasitic infection, which causes wonderful mortality and morbidity worldwide. It sometimes accompanied a quaint appearance. An Iranian 50-year-old man was admitted to Omid, hospital, a specialized cancer hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Because of a 15-year persisted anemia due to misdiagnose of vivax malaria led him to three courses of anticancer chemotherapy and splenectomy. His blood smears were sent to the Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Our findings from his history, file documents, clinical signs and symptoms, and parasitological and molecular assessments revealed an interesting case, which is reported. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3427 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3427/1239

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 06 440 442 Farzane Shams Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Mohammad Jokar Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Arman Abdous Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Mehran Farhoudi Moghadam Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Farnoosh Arfaee Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2022 01 27 2022 04 10 No Abstract No Abstract No Abstract https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3563 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3563/1243

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 317 324 Iraj Amir Niaye Shad Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Mehdi Mohebali 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Atrkar Roshan Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Keyhan Ashrafi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Behnaz Akhoundi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bijan Majidi Shad Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2021 03 29 2021 10 13 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the Leishmania donovani complex that is transmitted by the bites of female sandflies. Mediterranean type of VL caused by L. infantum. While, Roudbar County of Guilan Province has been introduced as a suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis focus; there are no published data on the seroprevalence of VL in Guilan Province. We aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of this disease in Roudbar County. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2019-2020 among children less than 12 years of age to determine the seroprevalence of VL by direct agglutination test (DAT). Blood samples were randomly collected from 918 children under 12 years of age refers to the public health center in the clusters. Results: Out of 918 children, 14 (1.52%) showed anti-Leishmania antibodies, with 4 (0.43%), 2 (0.21%), 8 (0.87%) anti-L. infantum antibodies at titers 1:800, 1:1600 and ≥1: 3200 respectively. All children with anti-Leishmania antibody titers of ≥1:800 were evaluated by a physician. Clinical manifestation of VL including fever, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly observed in a 6-year-old boy from Defraz village with anti-Leishmania antibody of titers ≥102400.This patient was admitted to the pediatric hospital in Rasht, capital of Guilan province, Iran and was successfully treated. Conclusion: VL is being circulated with low prevalence in children up to 12 years old in Roudbar, northern part of Iran. Accordingly, it is critical to improve the awareness of physicians and public health supervisors about the importance of this fatal disease in Guilan province and especially in Roudbar area. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3305 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3305/1226

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 425 430 Ismail Yağmur Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey Osman Kocaman Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey Osman Dere Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey Mehmet Demir Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey Bülent Katı Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey Mehmet Boleken Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey 2021 12 07 2022 04 10 Hydatid cyst is a parasitic infection transmitted by oral ingestion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs. Hydatid cyst of the genital tract is rare and the occurrence in the uterus is an extreme rarity. We present an 8-yr-old girl with complaints of swelling of lower abdomen, pollakiuria and bilateral flank pain was brought to Emergency Department of Harran University, Turkey, in Jun 2019. The patient had simultaneous hydatid cysts of the liver, mesentery and uterus. We performed abdominal exploration and completely removed the inner germinal layer of cyst through an incision made in the anterior of the uterine fundus. Then, we applied total excision to the two cysts in the right and left colon mesentery. Finally, we performed partial cystectomy to the cyst in the liver, and we removed the cyst membrane totally. In endemic regions, hydatid cysts should be considered for the diagnosis of children with cystic mass lesions. Uterine-sparing approach should be kept in mind as an option, especially in young women. Early surgical treatment of large pelvic cysts that cause obstructive uropathy may prevent the progression of renal damage. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3516 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3516/1240

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 325 331 Mehdi Zarean Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Pietro Mastroeni Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom Elham Moghaddas Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Bibi Razieh Hosseini Farash Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Amene Raouf-Rahmati Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Jamshid Jamali Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Hossein Azadeh Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Division, Orthopaedic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Vahideh Kam Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2022 01 04 2022 07 31 Background: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, a cosmopolitan intracellular parasite. It can be a risk factor for autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was designed to investigate the possible association between serological history of T. gondii infection and defined clinical manifestation of RA in Northeast of Iran. Methods: Overall, serum samples were collected from 50 RA patients and 40 healthy controls, from Qaem Hospital in Mashhad City, northeastern Iran in 2018. Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was determined by ELISA. Results: The prevalence of anti -T. gondii IgG in RA patients 48% (24.50) was significantly higher than the control group 10% (4.40) (P <0.001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) and (rheumatoid factor) RF levels between the RA and control groups (P <0.01). Control group were matched with patients for age, gender and living area. Conclusion: Given that a high correlation has been demonstrated between positivity rate of anti-T. gondii IgG and RA in Northeastern Iran, further studies will be necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of T. gondii among these patients. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3543 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3543/1227

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 431 435 Çağatay Ak Department of Gastroenterology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey Süleyman Sayar Department of Gastroenterology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey Ebru Tarıkçı Kılıç Department of Anesthesiology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Health Science University, Istanbul, Turkey 2021 10 31 2022 09 05 The differential diagnosis of bloody diarrhea is necessary to specify etiology and plan treatment. Misdiagnosis can lead to catastrophic results with the treatments to be given.  In this case report, we present a case of schistosomal colitis mimicking ulcerative colitis in a 26-year-old Guinean male patient diagnosed in 2021. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3496 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3496/1241

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 332 338 EN Machrumnizar Machrumizar Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia Arleen Devita Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia Yuliana Yuliana Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia Suriyani Tan Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia 2021 12 01 2022 04 10 Background: Three of Taenia species, named Taenia saginata, T. solium and T. asiatica can be found in Indonesia, but only T. solium can lead to neurocysticercosis. The morphology of those 3 Taenia spp. egg is indistinguishable by standard parasitology procedure. We aimed to use Ziehl Neelsen staining for differentiation of eggs of T. saginata and T. solium. Methods: As many as 40 containers of stool samples from the positive helminthiasis patients in Jakarta, Indonesia were collected during the year 2018. From each container, 10 slides prepared for staining with Kato-Katz technique as the preliminary examination. From those stool samples with positive taeniasis, we then once again made 10 slides/container for Ziehl Neelsen staining. Results: The first 400 slides stained with Kato-Katz technique as preliminary test were all positive for Taenia spp. The second 400 slides, we got 244 slides that gave good results as we could distinguished between the eggs of T. saginata and T. solium, meanwhile the remainder 156 slides gave unconfirmed results. From those 244 slides, 154 slides showed T. saginata eggs with magenta colored and 90 slides showed T. solium eggs with blue/purple colored. The eggs of T. solium slightly smaller if compared to Taenia saginata and had round shape, meanwhile T. saginata eggs were oval in shape. Conclusion: Ziehl Neelsen staining method can be used as an alternative parasitological method to differentiate the eggs of T. saginata and T. solium. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3512 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3512/1228

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 339 348 Fatemeh Bayat Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Nateghpour Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bahman Rahimi-Esboei Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Abbas Rahimi Foroushani Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir Amani Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Leila Farivar Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Sayyad Talaee Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aref Faryabi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 01 02 2022 04 10 Background: Malaria parasites cause a tremendous burden of disease in both the tropics and subtropics areas. Growing of drugs resistance in parasites is one of the most threats to malaria control. The aim of study was to investigate the anti-malarial activity of nano-emodin isolated from Rhamnus cathartica on Plasmodium berghei in mice to evaluate parasites inhibition rate using in-vivo test. Methods: The study was conducted in the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, during 2020. Nano- emodin particles were prepared from Rhamnus cathartica, and confirmed by Zeta Potential Analyzer, DLS and electron microscopy techniques. Mice were infected with P. berghei and treated by emodin nanoparticles. Parasitemia was evaluated in each group in comparison with control group. Toxicity test was done using twice the highest concentration of emodin extract on a separate group of mice and ED50 was calculated. Results: Emodin extract was significantly effective in all concentrations on D4 (P<0.05). The most effective on parasitemia was observed in 400 mg/kg of Liquid Nano-emodin and solid (non-Nano) emodin. ED50 for emodin extract was determined 220 mg/kg. Toxicity test showed no toxic effect on the subjects. Conclusion: The emodin extract is safe, lack of side effects. So, it can be used for more and longer period of time and in higher doses. Emodin extract, either in form of liquid and nanoparticle or in a solid form, has the same therapeutic effect on P. berghei in infected Balb/c mice. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3540 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3540/1229

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 349 357 Homa Hajjaran Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Ebadizadeh Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Angila Ataei-Pirkooh Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Katayoun Samimi-Rad Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Reza Saberi Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Saied Reza Naddaf Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2021 11 19 2022 09 05 Background: Detection of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in Old World Leishmania species and their possible role in the disease prognosis requires sensitive and specific methods, preferably independent of the viral genome. We aimed to develop an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay to detect LRV in the Old World Leishmania parasites. Methods: Clinical samples were collected from 86 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients in different endemic areas of CL in Iran, during 2017-2019. For antibody preparation, the viruses were obtained from sediment of an LRV-infected L. major culture-using freeze and thaw cycles followed by gradient cesium chloride centrifugation. The purified viruses were used to immunize a male 3-4 months rabbit. Various dilutions of the LRV-immunized rabbit's serum and a conjugated antibody were deployed to detect LRV in 48 isolates by IFA assay. Results: LRV virus was detected in four of the 48 CL cases using IFA method. Amplification of a partial fragment of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene from the isolates confirmed the IFA results. In phylogeny, the generated RdRp sequences from four isolates were grouped with the other Old World LRVs, but separate from L. aethiopica LRVs, which appeared as a highly supported distinct clade. Conclusion: Further optimization of this approach to detect the LRV directly in lesion scrapings can make it a more reliable tool for field studies and disclosing the virus's possible role in disseminating and unusual clinical features. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3507 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3507/1230

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 358 365 EN Seyedeh Faezeh Sadjjadi Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Tahereh Mohammadzadeh Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Hafezi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2021 06 14 2021 10 13 Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. Application of species-specific antigen for serodiagnosis of human CE has not been utilized, so far. In this regard, AgB originated from Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) and E. canadensis (G6/G7) CE cysts, confirmed by molecular biology and sequencing was used for evaluation of their ability in the diagnosis of confirmed human CE.Methods: The hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) of E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis species were separately, used for preparation of AgB during 2017-2018 in Shiraz and Tehran, Iran. A total of 45 sera samples from confirmed CE patients, 102 sera from healthy people as negative control and 44 sera from other parasitic diseases, were used for measurement of the diagnostic ability of antigen B originated from E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis species of CE, alone or in 50%:50% mixture using ELISA method. Results: Overall, 38 (84.4%) out of 45 confirmed human CE were positive by ELISA using AgB originated from E. granulosus sensu stricto. This items for AgB originated from E. canadensis was 39 (86.6) out of 45 serum samples. A total of 39 out of 45 samples (86.6%) showed positivity by a mixture of antigen B originating from both species. The specificity of the above tests was calculated as 93.15%, 96.58%, and 93.84%, respectively. Conclusion:  Due to the diversity of the cyst species in human population, application of AgB from prevalent species alone or in combination with other species is suggested. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3363 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3363/1231

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 366 374 Abdurrahman Ekici Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Ahmet Hakan Unlu Division of Veterinary, Vocational School of Gevas, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Selahattin Aydemir Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Fethi Barlik Van Health Services Vocational School, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey Hasan Yılmaz Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey 2021 10 28 2022 09 05 Background: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species detected in humans and calves in the Van region of Turkey. Methods: A total of 150 patients, comprising 60 who were immunosuppressed, 50 who were immunosuppressed and had diarrhea, and 40 who had only diarrhea, were enrolled in this study in the Department of Medical Parasitology, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey. Stool samples were taken from the rectums of a total of 50 calves that had 30 diarrhea and 20 that did not have diarrhea, from the stables and farms of 10 central villages of Van, Turkey. All samples were analyzed using modified acid-fast staining, immunochromatographic test, and PCR. Cryptosporidium positive samples were also subtyped. Results: Only C. parvum subtypes were detected in all positive samples. C. parvum was detected in 30 (20%) of the 150 human stool samples, while it was detected in 5 (10%) of the 50 samples from the calves. The GP60 gene region was amplified and sent for sequence analysis to identify the C. parvum subtypes. Conclusion: As a result, C. parvum is found to be an active species that caused cryptosporidiosis is in the Van region. IIdA24G1 subtype of C. parvum were found in both human and calf. Therefore, due to the zoonotic feature of the C. parvum IIdA24G1 subtype, it has been shown that the calves in the region are a significant risk for humans. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3492 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3492/1232

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 17 3 2022 09 05 375 384 Fang Liu Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Yan Yan Song Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Ru Zhang Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Ruo Dan Liu Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Peng Jiang Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Jing Cui Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Zhong Quan Wang Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China 2021 06