Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 1 10 EN Farnoosh JAMEIE Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Abdolhossein DALIMI Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Majid PIRESTANI Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 11 09 2021 02 16 Background: Iran is one of the endemic areas of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. In this work, we examined whether Proteína quimérica 10 (PQ10) recombinant protein is suitable for immunological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Methods: The study was carried out in Tarbiat Modares University during 2016-2018. The coding sequence of PQ10 recombinant protein was sub-cloned in pET28 expression vector and was commercially synthesized by GENERAY Biotechnology, China. Sequencing with proper primers was done, the expression, optimization of expression and protein purification were performed, and the purified recombinant protein was confirmed by western blot. The efficacy of PQ10 for serodiagnosis was evaluated with 50 positive and 50 negative serum samples, which confirmed by the direct agglutination test and collected from individuals living in the visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Iran. ELISA was performed with the PQ10 recombinant protein. Results: The 95% CI sensitivity of ELISA that was evaluated with sera from naturally infected individuals was 84%. The 95% CI specificity value of the ELISA determined with sera from healthy individuals (50 serum samples) and from individuals with other infectious diseases was 82%. The 95% CI positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were exterminated 82.35% and 83.67%, respectively. Conclusion: We have used a recombinant synthetic protein to improve serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. PQ10 could be useful for diagnosis of asymptomatic cases, as well as in the early phase of infections. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1869 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1869/1103

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 159 163 Mohammad Reza ABDOLSALEHI 1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI 2. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KESHAVARZ 2. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shima MAHMOUDI 4. Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Setareh MAMISHI 1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran . 4. Pediatric Infectious Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 01 05 2021 02 17 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) described as an essential immunodeficiency problem of phagocytic cells resulting in a phagocyte dysfunction and inability to kill a spectrum of bacteria and fungi. Despite the fact that CGD patients are more susceptible to intracellular infections, visceral leishmaniasis has been reported rarely in these cases. Here, we report an uncommon case of visceral leishmaniasis in a child with CGD. An 8-yr old boy with CGD presented to the infectious disease ward, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran after the onset of 20 days fever with chronic crusted ulcer approximately 3 cm × 3cm on the left upper limb and a small ulcer measuring 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm on the right knee with moderate secretion. Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and Bone Marrow Biopsies (BMB) of fragmented samples were performed and polymorphic population of hematopoietic cells, Megakaryocytes and Leishman bodies were seen. The patient was treated with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) 20 mg/kg for 28 days and after partial improvement patient discharged and continue the treatment at home. Amphotericin B lipid complex (Ambisome®) (3–5 mg/kg per dose once) was administered every 3 -4 weeks for 18 months as secondary prophylaxis that was well tolerated and effective. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3226 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3226/1119

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 146 150 Morvarid HARIRI 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Nasir AREFKHAH 2. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran Fariba GHORBANI 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Mehdi NAMAVARI 3. Shiraz Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organi-zation (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran Mostafa OMIDIAN 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Bahador SARKARI 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 4. Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2020 02 07 2021 02 17 Background: Dogs, as the definitive host of Neospora caninum, are important in the epidemiology of this parasitic infection. We aimed to determine the prevalence of N. caninum infection in a dog population from a rural setting in Fars Province, Southern Iran, using a combination of molecular and serological techniques. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Nov 2018 in three rural districts, Sar Mashhad, HosseinAbad, and Tolesaman located in Kazeroun Township in Fars province, southern Iran. Blood samples were taken from 60 stray and household dogs. Dogs’ sera were tested for antibodies against N. caninum, using a Neospora-Modified Agglutination Test. Moreover, dogs’ buffy coats were tested for Neospora DNA, using a molecular method. Results: Anti-Neospora antibodies were detected in sera of 4 out of 60 dogs, corresponding to a seroprevalence rate of 6.7%. Out of 25 female dogs, 1 was seropositive and of 35 males, 3 were seropositive, yet the differences were not statistically significant.  The infection was more prevalent in adult dogs (> 12 months), nevertheless, the differences between age and Neospora seropositivity was not statistically significant.  N. caninum DNA was not detected in the buffy coat of any of the studied dogs.  Conclusion: Findings of the study indicate that N. caninum is a common infection in dogs in rural areas of Fars province in southern Iran. The infected dogs might be a potentially important source of N. caninum infection to livestock in the area. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2795 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2795/1117

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 11 12 Fatemeh Sadat SADJJADI 1. Department of Basic Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nayeb Ali AHMADI Proteomics Research Center, Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa REZAIE-TAVIRANI 3. Proteomics Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hakimeh ZALI 4. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 10 03 2021 02 16 Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important parasitic zoonosis in the world. Post-surgery follow up in CE patients is an important non-solved problem up to now. Therefore, the investigations on this problematic issue would be very applicable in the view of CE clinical treatment. Methods: A total of 24 confirmed liver CE patients sera including eight sera before surgery (BS), eight sera three months post-surgery (3MPS), and eight sera six months post-surgery (6MPS) were used in the present study. Proteomics methods including 2DE and LC-MS/MS were performed on the specimens followed by bioinformatics analysis such as Gene Ontology (GO) and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis. Results: A total of 235 proteins were detected of which 12 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) were identified by LC-MS/MS in all sera. The proteins were presented in BS and suppressed after surgery as follows: HPX, SERPINA1, SERPINC1, CP, HBD, and HBA2. Comparisons of the protein expression in sera of patients BS, 3MPS, and 6MPS revealed that GC, IGJ, AHSG, CD5L, FGG, and APOC3 have been overexpressed in 3MPS and 6MPS. PPI network analysis demonstrated that SERPINC1 and AHSG with more connection in the network could be considered as hub proteins and potential prognostic biomarkers in response to surgical treatment of liver CE. Conclusion: Application of proteomics methods on patient’s sera could be used as a novel biomarker tool for following-up liver CE patients. In this regards, proteomics and, application of bioinformatics analysis including GO and PPI showed that SERPINC1, AHSG and HPX are of more value as a potential follow up biomarkers in response to surgical treatment. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3112 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3112/1104

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 164 167 EN Mehdi FOROUGHI 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Namazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Ali BAHADOR 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Namazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran zahra BEIZAVI 2. Department of General Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2019 10 11 2021 02 17 Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus with worldwide distribution. The most affected organs are liver and lungs, but it can be detected in any other organs as well. We reported a 5-yr-old boy from Shiraz, southern Iran in 2017 who presented with abdominal discomfort. Imaging revealed multiple liver hydatid cyst and a huge kidney hydatid cyst. This case showed the possible implication of rapid growth of multiple hydatid cyst as well as unusual organ presentation in the pediatric population. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2685 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2685/1120

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 151 158 EN Reza RANJBAR 1. Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Peyman SHAYANFAR 1. Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmood MANIATI 2. English Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2018 08 03 2021 02 17 Background: Due to numerous side effects of common drugs in treatment of leishmaniasis, new therapeutic approaches focus on herbal compounds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of crocin and stigmasterol on in-vitro growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major in the Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran in 2018. Methods: The effect of different concentrations of crocin and stigmasterol were evaluated by determining their in-vitro inhibitory effects on promastigotes and amastigotes of the L. major using MTT assay. Results: The fatality rate was 65.27% and 71.96% for crocin and stigmasterol respectively at 24 h post-culture in concentration of 50 μg/mL. The mean inhibitory effect of crocin and stigmasterol on L major amastigotes after 72 h were 52.22% and 38.96%. Conclusion: The crocin and stigmasterol had efficient adverse effects on promastigote and amastigotes of L. major, hence, further studies on the anti-leishmanial effects of these herbal compounds in human and animal models are recommended. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2272 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2272/1118

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 23 31 Nooshinmehr SOLEYMANI 1. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Ruth GRUNBERGER 2. Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria 3. Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria 4. Omics Center Graz, Bio Tech Med-Graz, Graz, Austria 5. Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria khalil ABNOUS 6. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran Hassan BORJI 1. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Faezeh VAHDATI 6. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran 2019 11 23 2021 02 16 Background: Toxocara cati is considered as one of the main etiological agents of toxocariasis with global and regional importance. As there is no information on proteomics of T. cati, herein, we reported the results obtained by proteomic analysis of somatic proteins extract, using a mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approach. Methods: Somatic extract fractions were separated by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and were electro blotted on to PVDF membranes for immunoblot analysis, then collected the immunogenic spots which response of antibodies of the paratenic hosts (mice) to the antigens ( Mashhad, 2017), and analyzed by LC–MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS data were analyzed by Mascot database, Taxonomy Toxocara, and common contaminants, in Omics Center, Biotechnology Medical University of Graz (Austria, 2018). Result: The protein spots were isolated between 15–140 kDa ranges using 3–10 non-linear IPG strips and Brilliant Blue Coomassie. Ten proteins were characterized as immunogenic proteins, seven of them were identified and three of them were unknown proteins. Conclusion: This study provided additional information about the somatic antigens of T. cati, which can lead to the development of new strategies for novel immuno-modulators, drug targets, subunit vaccines and immunodiagnostic kits for toxocariasis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2720 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2720/1105

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 168 172 Qiang WANG 1. General Surgery Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China 2. Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Echinococcosis in Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China Shunyun ZHAO 1. General Surgery Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China 2. Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Echinococcosis in Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China Jide A 1. General Surgery Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China 2. Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Echinococcosis in Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China Yamin GUO 1. General Surgery Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China Jinyu YANG 1. General Surgery Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China Ashraf NAVEED 2. Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Echinococcosis in Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China Wei GAO 1. General Surgery Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China 2. Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Echinococcosis in Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China 2020 05 22 2021 02 17 Morbidity of mixed cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (CE and AE) is exceptionally rare. Less literature retrieved from a database on the internet detailed the content, including radiography, pathology, and therapeutics data. Such a case of co-occurrence of the different Echinococcus species was diagnosed and treated at our hospital center from Nov 2019 to Feb 2020. A 30 yr old female from the pastoral area in Qinghai Province, China, was diagnosed with a case of echinococcosis and diagnosis was confirmed after image studies, immunoassaying of hydatid enzymes, life history and pathology result. The patient underwent hepatectomy along with excision of the internal capsule. Post-operative pathology was done, and it confirmed a mixed infection of both CE and AE. The patient recovered well without complications after liver-protecting and tissue repair treatment for 15 days. Knowing about infective mode and immune method of the case might be vital for research on variation for Echinococcus infection.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2925 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2925/1121

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 32 42 Alaaeldin El-GENDY 1. Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Mohammed MOHAMMED 2. Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr-Elshiekh University, Kafr-Elshiekh, Egypt Marwa GHALLAB 2. Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr-Elshiekh University, Kafr-Elshiekh, Egypt Marwa ABDEL AZIZ 1. Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Shereen IBRAHIM 1. Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt 2020 01 13 2021 02 16 Background: The present study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of chitosan nanoparticles and metronidazole against Giardia lamblia as well as evaluate the efficacy of loading metronidazole on chitosan nanoparticles. Methods: This study was carried out at medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and Theodor Bilharz Research institute (TBRI) from February 2019 to February 2020 on 45 hamsters. They were divided into 5 groups 9 hamsters each: Group A non-infected hamsters, Group B infected control group, Group C, D and E infected with G. lamblia and treated with Chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), metronidazole (MTZ) and metronidazole-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MTZ-CsNPs) respectively. Results: The highest percentage of reduction in the Giardia cyst and trophozoite counts were in group that received MTZ-CsNPs (94.69%, 94.29%). Lower percentages of reduction were recorded for MTZ treated group (90.15%, 89.52%) and CsNPs treated group (63.64%, 75.24%). Histopathological examination showed marked healing of intestinal mucosa after treatment with MTZ-CsNPs. Conclusion: CsNPs showed a therapeutic effect against Giardia infection in hamsters. Loading of metronidazole on chitosan nanoparticles enhanced therapeutic effect of both CsNPs as well as metronidazole. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2771 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2771/1106

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 43 51 EN Budi PRASETYO 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 2. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia Eka INDRIANI 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 2. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia Nurya VIANDIKA 3. Graduate Student of Program Study Master of Health Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia Hilkatul ILMI 4. Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Sura-baya, Indonesia Lidya TUMEWU 4. Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Sura-baya, Indonesia Aty WIDYAWARUYANT 4. Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Sura-baya, Indonesia 5. Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia 2019 04 27 2021 02 16 Background: Placental malaria has ability to upregulate prostaglandin synthesis by increasing cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) enzyme activity. Cox-2 and prostaglandin have a role in causing uterine contraction and therefore can cause abortion or preterm labor. Tablet AS201-01 containing the ethyl acetate fraction of Andrographis paniculata was tested in vivo on pregnant mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. AS201-01 inhibited the growth of P. berghei, increased TGF-β expression, decreased TLR-4 expression and apoptosis index of placental tissue in P. berghei infected pregnant mice and thus prevented placental malaria complications. These effects were correlated with the decrease of Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression. Methods: Twenty-four pregnant mice (Balb/c) were divided into 4 groups (n=6). Mice were maintained at Animal Laboratory of Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia in 2016. G1 were uninfected pregnant mice, G2 untreated infected pregnant mice, G3 infected pregnant mice treated with AS201-01, and G4 infected pregnant mice treated with DHP tablet. All infection groups (G2-G4) were inoculated with 1x106 of P. berghei parasite on day 9 of gestation and treated on day 11. All mice were terminated at day 15 of gestation, and placental tissue was collected. Cytokine expression of Cox-2 and prostaglandin were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: G3 was found to have lower Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression compared to G4 and G2, but higher compared to G1. Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression was significantly different among groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the ability AS201-01 tablets have to decrease Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression on placental of P. berghei infected mice and therefore eliminates the adverse effects of placental malaria. Methods: The influence of AS201-01 tablets on P. berghei infection in pregnant mice (G3) was tested by comparison with healthy (G1), untreated infected (G2) and infected mice treated with DHP (dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate) tablets (G4), a common treatment for malaria. All infection groups were inoculated with 1x106 of P. berghei parasite on day 9 of gestation and treated on day 11. All mice were terminated at day 15 of gestation, and placental tissue was collected. Cytokine expression of Cox-2 and prostaglandin were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: G3 was found to have lower Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression compared to G4 and G2, but higher compared to G1. Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression was significantly different among groups (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the ability AS201-01 tablets have to decrease Cox-2 and prostaglandin expression on placental of P. berghei infected mice and therefore eliminates the adverse effects of placental malaria. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2540 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2540/1107

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 52 63 EN Saeid NASIBI 1. Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Abdolreza SALAHI MOGHADDAM 2. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (HUMS), Bandar Abbas, Iran Naser ZIAALI 3. Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Elham AKHLAGHI 1. Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Ali MOHAMMADI 1. Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ahmad Ali HANAFI-BOJD Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teh-ran, Iran Majid FASIHI HARANDI Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2019 12 18 2021 02 16 Background: Snails of the genus Galba are the intermediate hosts of Fasciola species, the etiological agents of liver fluke disease, fascioliasis. A genetically different but morphologically very similar species in the genus, G. schirazensis, is sympatrically distributed with G. truncatula in some regions of the world. We aimed to investigate the occurrence of G. schirazensis in Kerman province, Iran and to characterize genetically G. schirazensis specimens from southeast Iran. Methods: Field-collected snails from four localities in Jiroft, Bam and Faryab, Kerman province, southeastern Iran were studied. Hydrological variables including temperature and pH were recorded for each habitat. Each specimen was identified using morphological as well as conchological characteristics. Genetic characterization was performed using PCR-sequencing followed by phylogenetic analyses on nuclear ITS2 as well as mitochondrial cox1 gene fragments. MaxEnt software was used to predict the most appropriate ecological niches for the targeted species. Results: G. schirazensis was found in 4 out of 28 locations. One ITS2 and two cox1 haplotypes were detected among G. schirazensis populations from the four localities. Habitat study showed that G. schirazensis thrives in habitats with alkaline pH. G.schirazensis from South America were clustered with specimens from Bam, Kerman, Iran; however, north Iranian isolates of G. schirazensis were strongly correlated with specimens from Jiroft and Faryab. MaxEnt model for the most appropriate ecological niches of the targeted species predicted environmental suitability for this species in western Africa as well as coastal areas in north and southwestern Africa. Conclusion: G. schirazensis is frequently present in southern areas of Kerman Province. At least two genetically different haplotypes are present in southeastern Iran. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2744 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2744/1108

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 64 71 EN Romaan KHATTAK 1. College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P.R. China Zhensheng LIU 1. College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P.R. China Liwei TENG 1. College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P.R. China Sher AHMED 2. Department of Biology, Federal Government Degree College, Quetta, Pakistan Said ALI SHAH 3. Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan Sara ABDEL-HAKEEM 4. Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt 2020 06 01 2021 02 16 Background: The present study was conducted in Jul 2019 and Jan 2020 in two wildlife parks of the Nowshera district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where the endangered Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is successfully bred in captivity. We determined diversity of internal and external parasites that take advantage of the situation of congestion, resulting in massive mortalities of wild animals in captivity. Methods: Internal parasites of living urial were determined by direct wet smear and flotation methods, while dead urial was necropsied for any pertaining observation. Results: All examined fecal samples were found infected with gastrointestinal parasites, which had significant difference in the total abundance in winter and summer. S. papillosus and H.contortus, and a single protozoan, Eimeria spp. were the dominant parasites in fecal samples. Ticks collected from urial enclosures and dead animals were of single species H. anatolicum. Theileria spp. was observed in blood, while hydatid cysts were found in lungs and liver of necropsied urial. Conclusion: The study indicates that internal parasites such as Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus, while external parasites as Hyalomma anatolicum ticks played major role in the population decline. Strict veterinary control of infectious diseases, provision of hygienic and supplementary diet, and proper maintenance of urial population are necessary measures for the control of mortalities. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2931 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2931/1109

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 72 82 Tadesse HAILU 1. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Endalkachew NIBRET 2. Biology Department, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Arancha AMOR 3. Mundo Sano Foundations, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Abaineh MUNSHEA 2. Biology Department, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Melaku ANEGAGRIE 3. Mundo Sano Foundations, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 2020 03 06 2021 02 16 Background: Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm parasites is usually under reported due to less sensitive diagnostic methods. Agar plate culture (APC) is the most sensitive technique for parasites having larval stage. However, using APC in routine diagnosis is uncommon. This study aimed to determine the detection rate and sensitivity of APC in comparison with formal ether concentration technique (FECT) and spontaneous tube sedimentation techniques (STSTs) for S. stercoralis and hookworm larvae. Methods: Stool samples collected from 844 schoolchildren in Amhara Regional State, northwestern Ethiopia in 2019, transported to nearby health institutions and processed by APC, FECT and STSTs. The prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm was computed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square. The diagnostic agreement among the three techniques was evaluated using Kappa value. Results: The overall prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm infections by combining the three methods was 13.2% (111/844) and 33.8% (277/844), respectively. Using APC alone, the prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm were found to be 10.9% (92/844) and 24.5% (207/844), respectively. Agar plate culture was 5.4 and 2.7 times respectively more sensitive than FECT and STST, with slight and fair agreement in the detection of S. stercoralis. Hookworm diagnostic agreement was moderate between APC and FECT, and APC and STST. The Kappa value between STST and FECT diagnostic methods was substantial. Conclusion: APC has a better detection rate of S stercoralis and hookworm larvae. Therefore, APC can be used as an alternative routine diagnostic method to S. stercoralis and hookworm co-endemic countries. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2820 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2820/1110

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 16 81 90 EN Hatice ERTABAKLAR Adnan Menderes University Erdoğan MALATYALI Adnan Menderes University Elif ÖZÜN ÖZBAY Ege-Liva Hospital İbrahim YILDIZ Adnan Menderes University Sema ERTUĞ dnan Menderes University Bülent BOZDOĞAN Adnan Menderes University Özgür GÜÇLÜ Adnan Menderes University Ozgur Guclu Dr 2020 01 13 2021 02 16 Background: The present study aimed to determine genetic variety of Trichomonas vaginalis with microsatellite markers in Turkey and to create a microsatellite typing (MT) approach in a web interface to access data collection. In addition, the endosymbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis and T. vaginalis virus (TVV) in the isolates was also studied.  Methods: The allele sizes for each locus were calculated and microsatellite types were determined according to the allele profiles. The population structure was examined with Bayesian clustering method. A website (http://mttype.adu.edu.tr) was created for collection and sharing of microsatellite data. Presence of TVV and M. hominis in T. vaginalis isolates were investigated with electrophoresis and PCR. Results: Trichomonas vaginalis was detected in 30 (4.7%) of 630 samples and those were used for further analysis. The structure produced by a clustering algorithm revealed eight genetic groups. The typing of isolates according to microsatellites revealed 23 different microsatellite types. Three clones were determined among isolates (MT10 16.7%; MT18 10% and MT3 6.7%). The frequency of TVV and M. hominis was 16.6% (n=5) and 20% (n=6), respectively. Conclusions: Presence of three clones among 30 isolates indicates that microsatellite is a powerful tool for determination of clonalities among T. vaginalis isolates. Microsatellite-based genotyping is a promising approach to clarify molecular epidemiology of T. vaginalis. Microsatellite data from further studies will be deposited and presented in the web site. Here, we also presented the presence of two endosymbionts in T. vaginalis for the first time in Turkey. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2765 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2765/1111

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 91 100 EN Joel ELIZONDO-LUÉVANO 1. Department of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México Rocío CASTRO-RÍOS 2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México Belén VICENTE 3. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca -Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain Pedro FERNÁNDEZ-SOTO 3. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca -Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain Julio LÓPEZ-ABAN 3. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca -Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain Antonio MURO 3. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca -Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain Abelardo CHÁVEZ-MONTES 1. Department of Chemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México 2020 06 25 2021 02 17 Background: Schistosomiasis has been identified as a major public health problem in tropical countries. The present study aimed to investigate the schistosomicidal effects of the methanolic extract of Argemone mexicana L. and its active component, berberine against Schistosoma mansoni on in-vitro experiments. Methods: S. mansoni adults were used. Various concentrations of the methanolic extract (10 - 200 µg/ml) and berberine (2.5 - 50 µM) were tested from 24 to 72 h. The viability of S. mansoni was confirmed with an invertoscope-microscope. Furthermore, cytotoxic (Hemolysis test), and antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging assay) capacities were determined. Results: The viability tests on S. mansoni showed that A. mexicana at 50 μg/mL is lethal at 48 h and berberine at 10 μM is lethal at 24 h. The hemolytic activity at 1,000 μg/mL was 2.9% for A. mexicana and 90.2% for berberine. The antioxidant capacities shown by A. mexicana and berberine, were EC50 156.3 and 84.1 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The extract of A. mexicana and berberine demonstrated high antischistosomal activities in low concentration and short exposure time on the in-vitro model. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2963 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2963/1112

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 101 110 EN Hadeer El-Hak RASHED 1. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt Ali ABU ALMAATY 1. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt Maha SOLIMAN Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt Nahla EL-SHENAWY Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt 2019 11 16 2021 02 17 Background: In this study, we assessed the in vitro antischistosomal activity of the active ingredients of Allium sativum (allicin) and Curcuma longa (curcumin) on Schistosoma mansoni.  Methods: This study was conducted in Faculty of Science, Port said University, Egypt (2018). Adult worms were exposed to a range of concentrations of AL or CU, and worm survival was assessed 24 h post-exposure to calculate the lethal concentration of the compounds. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess ultrastructural changes in the surface of AL- or CU- treated worms. The genotoxicities of AL and CU on S. mansoni were determined by DNA fragmentation analysis. Results: We determined the concentrations of AL and CU required to kill 50% of S. mansoni (LC50). The LC50 of AL was 8.66 µL/mL, whereas 100% mortality of S. mansoni was achieved by AL at concentrations of 50 µL/mL. The LC50 of CU was 87.25 µL/mL, with the highest mortality of 91.3% seen after 24 h exposure to 100 µg/mL CU. Ultrastructural studies revealed that exposure to either AL or CU led to mild or severe surface damage to S. mansion, respectively. The degree of damage in the worms was sex-dependent. Interestingly, while CU exposure resulted in DNA fragmentation in S. mansoni worms, we observed no genotoxic effects of AL. Conclusion: Both AL and CU exhibit antischistosomal activity; the study provided evidence suggesting that these compounds act through distinct mechanisms. These promising results encourage further investigation into these compounds as potential antischistosomal agents, either alone or as complementary treatments to praziquantel. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2710 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2710/1113

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 111 121 Nazgol KHOSRAVINIA 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Abdolmajid FATA Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran elham MOGHADDAS 2. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Bibi Razieh HOSSEINI FARASH 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Reza SADAGHAT 3. Khatam-al-Anbia Haspital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ali Raza ESLAMPOUR Khatam-al-Anbia Haspital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Lida JARAHI 4. Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2019 02 18 2021 02 17 Background: The genus Acanthamoeba is a free-living opportunistic protozoan parasite, which widely distributed in soil and fresh water. Acanthamoeba keratitis, which causes a sight-threating infection of the cornea, is going to rise in Iran and worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare direct microscopy, culture and PCR for detection of Acanthamoeba spp. in clinical samples and to determine the genotypes of Acanthamoeba spp. by sequencing 18SrRNA gene. Methods: Among patients clinically suspected to AK referred to a tertiary ophthalmology center at Mashhad, northeastern Iran. During 2017-18, twenty corneal scrapes specimens obtained. The samples were divided into three parts, subjected to direct microscopic examination, culture onto non-nutrient agar and PCR technique.  Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and likelihood ratio were evaluated. Results: Among 20 persons clinically suspected to amoebic keratitis, 13(69.2%) patients definitely diagnosed as Acanthamoeba keratitis. Wearing contact lens, eye trauma due to foreign particle and swimming in fresh water were the main predisposing factors. Most of patients suffered from pain and photophobia. Corneal ring infiltration and epithelial defect were common clinical sings. Direct examination had the lowest sensitivity and sensitivity of both Nelson-PCR and JDP-PCR methods were equal and highest. In addition, the results of sequencing identified that all strains belonged to T4 genotype. Conclusion: Amoebic keratitis is a sporadic parasitic keratitis, which is mainly seen in contact lens user in Mashhad. PCR based on 18S ribosomal DNA with JDP primers is a reliable and highly sensitive method for diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis in clinically suspected cases. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2476 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2476/1114

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 122 135 Cheng-Cheng ZHAI 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China 2. Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, Department of Research, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan Univer-sity, Shanghai 200032, China Xiao-Lei LIU 3. Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China Xue BAI 3. Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China Ze-Jun JIA 2. Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Clinical Medicine, Department of Research, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan Univer-sity, Shanghai 200032, China Shao-Hong CHEN 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China Li-Guang TIAN 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China Lin AI 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China Bin TANG 3. Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China Ming-Yuan LIU 3. Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China Xiu-Ping WU 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China Jia-Xu CHEN 1. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, China 2020 09 02 2021 02 17 Background: Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis, thus finding high quality antigens is the key to serodiagnosis of trichinosis. This article reports the characterization and sensitivity of four recombinant proteins expressed by four genes (Wn10, Zh68, T668, and Wm5) from different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis for the diagnosis of trichinellosis in mice. Methods: This study was conducted in Jilin University and National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017-2018. The structures and functions of the proteins encoded by four genes were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. The four genes were cloned and expressed, and the recombinant proteins were purified. Anti-Trichinella IgM and IgG antibodies in the sera of mice infected with T. spiralis from 1-45 d post-infection (dpi) were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The optimal antigen epitopes of four proteins (P1, P2, P3, and P4) encoded by the four genes from T- and B-cells were predicted, and four purified recombinant proteins (r-P1, r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4) were successfully produced. For IgM, the antibody levels detected by the four recombinant antigens were approximately equal to the cut-off value. Anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies were first detected by r-P1 at 8 dpi, followed by r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4 at 10 dpi, 14 dpi, and 16 dpi, respectively, and the antibody levels remained high until 45 dpi. Conclusion: The recombinant antigens r-P1, r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4 could be antigens that react with antibodies, they showed high sensitivity in the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in mice. Among these proteins, r-P1 may be a candidate antigen for the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in the early infection phase and exhibited the best sensitivity among the antigens. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/3024 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/3024/1115

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 1 2021 02 17 136 145 Fatemeh TAVAKOLI 1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Reza GHASEMIKHAH 2. Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak. Iran Hadi SHAFIEE 1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran 2019 12 11 2021 02 17 Background: The present study aimed to control mebendazole drug release from ethyl cellulose nanofibers containing guar gum produced by Electrospinning Method (ESM) on mortality of hydatid cyst protoscoleces under laboratory conditions. Methods: The study was conducted in Arak Islamic Azad University, 2019. After preparation of ethyl cellulose nanofibers containing guar gum with concentrations 10, 250, 50 and 500 ppm with ESM, the uniformity and fineness of nanofibers were investigated by electron microscope. By determining the absorption of nanofibers during 312 h via spectrophotometry method, the amount of drug release was obtained. Then, the mortality of live protoscoleces in-vitro with nanofibers made with different concentrations was studied during 13 days. Results: Guar gum nanofiber with four concentrations of 10, 50, 250 and 500 ppm had 0.78512, 0.83729, 1.0098 and 1.0633 absorption respectively and showed drug release 42.09%, 39.95%, 33.05% and 30.96% after 312 hours. Therefore, the survival of protoscoleces in the presence of guar gum with four concentrations was zero after 3, 6, 11 and 13 days (P<0.05). Conclusion: To produce nanofibers carrying the drug for research related to the treatment of hydatid cysts, the electrospinning technique can be considered as a reliable method. Results: It was found that guar gum nanofiber with four concentrations of (10, 50, 250, 500 ppm) had (0.78512, 0.83729, 1.0098 and 1.0633) absorption respectively and showed drug release (42.09%, 39.95%, 33.05%, 30.96%) after 312 hours. Therefore, the survival of protoscoleces in the presence of guar gum with different concentrations was zero (3, 6, 11 and 13) days (P<0.05). Conclusion: Guar gum has the ability to act as an effective agent for controlling the release of mebendazole from fiber. thus the concentration of guar gum used in nanofibers decreased, the extent of absorption, drug release, and mortality of protoscoleces increased. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2742 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2742/1116