Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 482 489 Alaleh RAKHSHANPOUR Dept. of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Abdolali MALMASI Dept. of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh NABIAN Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hossein MIRHENDI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Zabihollah ZAREI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Meshkin-Shahr Research Station, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdolhossein DALIMI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Anita MOHAMMADIHA Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Behnaz AKHOUNDI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amrollah AZARM Dept. of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Background: Rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most widely distributed tick in the world, which is partly due to its biological flexibility and the global distribution of its major host, the domestic dog. In Mediterranean region it could be principal reservoir host for Leishmania infantum, usually transmitted by the phlebotomine sand flies. In this study, we evaluated the vector potential of R. sanguineus in transmitting L. infantum to uninfected dogs. Methods: During 2014, five dogs with clinical manifestations of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), high anti-Leishmania antibody titers and tick infestation, were selected from CVL endemic areas (Tehran and Alborz provinces). At least, twenty live ticks were removed from each infected dog. After morphological identification, the ticks were divided into two groups; ticks belonging to the first group were dissected for parasitological examinations and semi-nested PCR assay, and those of the second group were selected for the transmission of CVL caused by L. infantum to uninfected dogs. Following tick infestation, all uninfected dogs were kept for 9 months and examined monthly for clinical and serological tests. Results: Nearly, 67% of ticks were infected by L. infantum using the semi-nested PCR. All other parasitological tests of ticks were negative. Clinical examinations and serological tests of the investigated dogs revealed negative results. Nested-PCR test results performed on splenic biopsy samples of dogs were also negative. Conclusion: L. infantum-positive R. sanguineus ticks were unable to transfer L. infantum from infected dogs to healthy ones. The detection of L. infantum DNA in ticks collected from naturally infected dogs by semi-nested PCR does not prove their vectorial competence. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1921 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1921/782

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 470 481 Patricia ALARCON-VALDES Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEM), Toluca, México Mariana ORTIZ-REYNOSO Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEM), Toluca, México Jonnathan SANTILLAN-BENITEZ Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEM), Toluca, México 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Background: Drugs’ pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can be affected by diverse genetic variations, within which simple nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common. Genetic variability is one of the factors that could explain questions like why a given drug does not have the desired effect or why do adverse drug reactions arise. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, literature search limits were set within PubMed database as well as the epidemiological bulletins published by the Mexican Ministry of Health, from Jan 1st 2001 to Mar 31st 2017 (16 years). Results: Metabolism of antiparasitic drugs and their interindividual responses are mainly modified by variations in cytochrome P450 enzymes. These enzymes show high frequencies of polymorphic variability thus affecting the expression of CYP2C, CYP2A, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2E6 and CYP2A6 isoforms. Research in this field opens the door to new personalized treatment approaches in medicine. Conclusion: Clinical and pharmacological utility yield by applying pharmacogenetics to antiparasitic treatments is not intended as a mean to improve the prescription process, but to select or exclude patients that could present adverse drug reactions as well as to evaluate genetic alterations which result in a diversity of responses, ultimately seeking to provide a more effective and safe treatment; therefore choosing a proper dose for the appropriate patient and the optimal treatment duration. Furthermore, pharmacogenetics assists in the development of vaccines. In other words, the aim of this discipline is to find therapeutic targets allowing personalized treatments. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1920 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1920/781

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 638 641 Biserka PIGAC Pathology, Cytology and Forensic Medicine Unit, Varaždin General Hospital, Varaždin, Croatia Silvija MAŠIĆ Clinic for Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia Valentina MAŠIĆ Training and Education Center 'Vinko Bek', Zagreb, Croatia 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Enterobius vermicularis is an intestinal nematode of humans and the most common helminth infection. Main transmission path is direct contact between infected and uninfected person meaning ingestion of the eggs. Human infections are usually asymptomatic or manifest as perianal itching. Although ectopic locations are uncommon, Enterobius can occasionally be detected in appendix, kidney, male urinary tract and female genital tract. We present a case from Varaždin General Hospital, Varaždin, Croatia in 2012, involving a 90-yr-old female patient who underwent hysterectomy leading to accidental finding of E. vermicularis in the uterus despite being asymptomatic for enterobiasis. Since there were no signs and symptoms of parasitic infection, no antiparasitic drugs were administered. Parasite was not observed during macroscopic examination, yet microscopic examination of the material demonstrated helminth within endometrium surrounded by dense inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphocytes and some eosinophils. Internal structures of the parasite were collapsed, while well-developed musculature and cuticle were preserved. We present this case to educate and remind physicians on this parasitosis as possible diagnosis. Although non-gastrointestinal locations of Enterobius infestation are rare, this infection should be considered in patients with abdominal pain, genitourinary symptoms, and pelvic pain in order to apply appropriate treatment and prevent further complications. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1939 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1939/800

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 606 613 Iraj MOBEDI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahdi FAKHAR Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Malik IRSHADULLAH Dept. of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Bahman RAHIMI-ESBOEI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shirzad GHOLAMI Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Natalia FRAIJA-FERNÁNDEZ Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Abstract Background: Stray dogs are considered potential reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. Previous helminthic surveys in Iran, have accounted for mainly species of nematodes and cestodes, and rarely digeneans. Methods: We accessed 42 car-crashed stray dogs from the Farah Abad Region in the Mazandaran Province (North Iran) between Oct 2012 and Dec 2013, to be inspected for parasites. Helminths were collected from the intestine and they were morphologically studied. Results: We found five adult digeneans from the family Brachylaimidae, identified as Brachylaima sp. Worms were assigned to the genus based on the shape of the body, the position of genital pore, cirrus sac and testes, and the extension of the vitellarium. Absence of additional information on the developmental stages of the parasite precluded its specific identification. As the geographic distribution of species of Brachylaima is restricted to the Mediterranean region, we raise the hypothesis that dogs may become infected with parasites through the consumption of helicid snails when searching for food on the street. Conclusion: This is the second report of a species of Brachylaima in Iran and the third digenean species from stray dogs in the area. We want to raise the attention of researchers to helminthic surveys in potential zoonotic reservoirs like stray dogs.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1935 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1935/796

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 490 497 Nahideh MAZAHERI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdolhossein DALIMI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Majid PIRESTANI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Farnoosh JAMEIE Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohamad Bagher ROKNI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), as a zoonotic disease cause to health threat and economic losses. Despite implemented control programs, few countries have been able to decrease or eliminate this infection. Vaccination of the intermediate host offers an additional strategy to control the parasite transmission and EG95 antigen is considered more than the others in the vaccine issue. According to the high protection induced by the EG95 recombinant vaccine, this study was designed to construct recombinant plasmid formulation of EG95 antigen. Methods: In 2015, the Echinococcus granulosus eggs were recovered from an infected dog in Parasitological laboratory of Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran. Following hatching, the oncospheres of E. granulosus were activated to increase the presence of the desired mRNA. The extracted mRNA was transcribed to the cDNA which used as template in RT-PCR. Then the EG95 gene cloned into pET28a vector and the recombinant plasmids expression was  investigated in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Results:  The recombinant plasmid encoding EG95 antigen was successfully constructed and identified by PCR, restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. In vitro expression of the EG95 antigen was confirmed in prokary­otic and eukaryotic systems by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis. Conclusion: Because of potential advantages of DNA vaccines, including ability to induce long-term immune responses, low production cost and stability in different temperatures, this study carried out to construct the EG95 gene into a vector. This recombinant vector can be evaluated in further studies as a DNA vaccine may provide new prospects for the development of a vaccine against cystic hydatid disease. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1922 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1922/783

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 614 621 Abdolhossein DALIMI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Morteza SHAMSI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Afra KHOSRAVI Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Fatemeh GHAFFARIFAR Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Background: Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most common parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus worldwide. This study investigated genotype diversity of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from stray dogs and golden jackals in Ilam province, West of Iran. Methods: Adult worms were collected from the small intestine of the stray dogs and golden jackals from Ilam Province roads during 2012-2014. DNA was extracted from the adult worms and the partial mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit1 (nad1) was amplified by PCR then the products were digested by using HpaII, Rsa1, and Alu1 restriction enzymes. In order to confirm RFLP results, a number of PCR products were bi-directionally sequenced. Results: Totally, 20 stray dogs out of 75 (26.66%) and two out of 73 (2.74%) golden jackal showed infection with E. granulosus. Amplified PCR product for all isolates was a band of approxir> 05 23 Diagnostic Dilemma in Unusual Parasitic Infections and Their Presentations https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1603 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1603/929

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 41 51 EN Mohamad GHANIMATDAN Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Abdolali CHALECHALE Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Farid REZAEI Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Mohamad Bagher ROKNI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Reza SHAHROKHI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2018 06 16 2018 09 17 Background: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fascioliasis and to perform a climatological analysis of different regions of Iran based on the current situation of the parasite and its intermediate host using Geographical Information System (GIS). Methods: Meteorological data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization. Risk map of fascioliasis transmission was prepared based on this data and using forecasting indices. Further, the number of fascioliasis cases from 31 provinces reported to the Iran Veterinary Organization were collected and prevalence maps of livestock fascioliasis were drawn. Results: The main risk hotspots were found in Northern provinces like Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan as well as some Southern provinces such as Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Fars, which have ideal conditions for completion of the parasite life cycle. Moreover, Gilan Province with 10.83% had the highest rate of fascioliasis infection in slaughtered animal. Conclusion: Iran is one of the most important foci of fascioliasis globally. Several provinces of Iran have appropriate conditions for evolution of parasite life cycle and presence of its intermediate host. These regions require special attention and serious determination in order to control fascioliasis in human and animals. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2188 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2188/909

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 174 179 EN J. Raúl LUCAS Veterinary Institute of Tropical and High Altitude Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Junin, Peru Manuel BARRIOS-ARPI Physiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru José RODRÍGUEZ Veterinary Institute of Tropical and High Altitude Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Junin, Peru Stephanie BALCÁZAR-NAKAMATSU Veterinary Institute of Tropical and High Altitude Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Junin, Peru Jacquelyne ZARRIA Specialized Equipment Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru Gislene NAMIYAMA Electronic Microscopy Nucleus, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil Noelia TANIWAKI Electronic Microscopy Nucleus, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil Omar GONZALES-VIERA Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA 2017 01 27 2019 03 11 Background: Recently, it was proposed the name of Sarcocystis masoni n. sp. for the Sarcocystis that causes microcyst in skeletal muscle of South American camelids. However, there are no ultrastructural reports of microcysts of Sarcocystis in cardiac muscle of alpacas. This study reports ultrastructural features of microcysts of Sarcocystis sp. from cardiac muscle of naturally infected alpacas. Methods: Thirty alpacas (age range: three to five years) from the province of Junin, Peruvian Central Andes, were included in this study in January 2015. Cardiac muscle samples were evaluated by histology and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Bradyzoites in cysts had typical characteristics of Apicomplexa including organelles, a large nucleus, micronemes, dense bodies, and polysaccharide granules. Moreover, cysts had a thin wall with numerous, short, finger-like shapes with rounded tip protrusions (0.51 x 0.17 µm). Conclusion: Sarcocystis sp. from the heart and S. masoni n. sp. from the skeletal muscle have similar ultrastructural characteristics. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1444 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1444/927

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 186 187 Hassan BORJI Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2018 09 07 No Abstract###   https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2292 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2292/930

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 52 58 EN Fariba BERENJI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Seyed Aliakbar SHAMSIAN Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Marziyeh NOURI DALOEE Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplant Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Seyed Hossein FATTAHI MASOOM Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery and Transplant Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Elham MOGHADDAS Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2017 10 08 2019 03 10 Background: Human hydatidosis is endemic in northeastern Iran. The present study aimed to investigate molecular diversity of Echinococcus granulosus isolates collected from human surgically. Methods: Sixty human hydatid cysts (58 lung cysts and 2 liver cysts) were collected through surgery from Ghaem and Emam Reza hospitals in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during 2015-2016. Cysts were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene and sequencing fragments of the genes coding for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (nad1). Results: Overall, 55 out of 60 Echinococcus granulosus cysts (91.6%) were determined as the G1 strain, 4 cases (6.6%) were determined as the G6 strain and 1 sample was not identified. Conclusion: Although sheep strain (G1) is dominated in human patients in Great Khorasan, the prevention of camel-dog cycle should pay attention in this region. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1813 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1813/912

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 12 188 189 Kourosh ARZAMANI Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Mitra SALEHI Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Iraj MOBEDI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Amir ADINEZADE Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran Hamid HASANPOUR Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad ALAVINIA Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Jamshid DARVISH Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran AND Rodentology Research Department, Applied Animal Institute, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Reza SHIRZADI Department of Zoonoses Control, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran Zeinolabedin MOHAMMADI Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2019 03 12 No Abstract### https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2501 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2501/931

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 59 67 EN Liliana GONZÁLEZ-LINARES Department of Medicine, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, México Víctor Esteban REYES-CRUZ Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, School of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, México María Aurora VELOZ-RODRÍGUEZ Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, School of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, México Gustavo URBANO-REYES Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, School of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, México José Luis IMBERT-PALAFOX Department of Medicine, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, México José Angel COBOS-MURCIA Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, School of Engineering and Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Hidalgo, México AND Mexican National Council for Science and Technology, México City, México 2017 09 28 2019 03 10 Background: Understanding the significance of hemozoin (Hz) in the process through which Plasmodium is released from the heme group in the food vacuole during hemoglobin degradation, will allow the development of more effective drugs against malaria. Therefore, the development of methodologies to obtain Hz synthetically will facilitate an in vitro evaluation of new anti-malarial drugs. Methods: We present a methodology with good results to obtain Hz from fecal material of blood-sucking insects Meccus longipennis. The preparation of biological cultures of the parasite (Plasmodium) transmitter of the disease is not necessary. Results: The hemozoin molecule and its dimer were obtained using the method described and it was possible to validate a comparison with the positive and negative controls using different analytical techniques. Conclusion: The proposed method allows obtaining hemozoin and its dimer demonstrating equivalence with positive controls that demonstrate that the present procedure may be an alternative for the evaluation of antimalarial drugs. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1804 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1804/913

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 68 77 EN Mansure HOJATIZADE Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran Ali BADIEE Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ali KHAMESIPOUR Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Reza JAAFARI Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 11 20 Background: Whole killed Leishmania vaccine reached phase III clinical trials but failed to display significant efficacy in human mainly due to limited Th1 inducer adjuvant. Liposomes consisting of 1, 2-dioleoyl-3trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) bearing an inherent adjuvanticity and 1, 2-dioleoyl-L-α-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) is well known to intensify the efficacy of positively charged liposomes. Methods: Soluble Leishmania major antigens (SLA) encapsulated in cationic liposomes using lipid film method in 2016). BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously (SC), three times in a 2-wk interval, with Lip (DOTAP)-SLA+, Lip (DOTAP/DOPE)-SLA+, Lip (DOTAP/DOPE/CHO)-SLA+, Lip (DOTAP/DOPE/CHO), Lip (DOPE/CHO), SLA or HEPES buffer. At week 2 after the last booster injection, immunized mice have challenged SC in the footpad with L. major parasites. To investigate the rate of protection and the type of immune response generated in mice, lesions development was assessed, IL-4 and IFN-γ levels with the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 isotype were studied to describe the type of generated immune response. Results: Mice immunized with all liposomal form of SLA showed smaller footpad swelling and lower parasite burden in the spleen and footpad compared to the group of mice received buffer. However, these formulations did not show protection against leishmaniosis because of a generated mixed Th1/Th2 response in mice characterized by high production of IFN-γ and IL4 and a high titer of IgG1 and IgG2a antibody. Conclusion: Immunization with Lip (DOTAP/DOPE/CHO)-SLA+ was not an appropriate strategy to protect mice against leishmaniosis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1534 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1534/914

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 78 88 EN Ghodratollah SALEHI SANGANI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Vahid JAJARMI Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali KHAMESIPOUR Centre for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud MAHMOUDI Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdolmajid FATA Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 09 22 2019 03 10 Background: Gene manipulation strategies including gene knockout and editing are becoming more sophisticated in terms of mechanism of action, efficacy and ease of use. In classical molecular methods of gene knockout, homologous arms are designed for induction of crossing over event in double strand DNA. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 system has been emerged as a precise and powerful tool for gene targeting. In this effort, we aimed to generate a CRISPR/Cas9-based vector specific for targeting genes in Leishmania parasites. Methods: U6 and DHFR promoters and neomycin-resistance gene were amplified from genome of L. major (MHRO/IR/75/ER) and pEGFP-N1, respectively. U6 promoter was cloned in pX330 vector which is named as pX330-U6. DHFR promoter and neo resistance gene sequence fragments were fused using a combination of SOE (Splicing by overlap extension)-PCR and T/A cloning techniques. To generate pX-leish, fused fragments su-bcloned into the pX330-U6. Two sgRNAs were designed to target the gp63 gene and cloned in pX-leish. Results: The pX-leish vector was designed for simultaneous expression of cas9 and G418 resistance proteins along with a self-cleaving 2A peptide for efficient separation of the two proteins. In this study pX-leish was designed with 3 features: 1) Compatible promoters with Leishmania parasites. 2) Insertion of antibiotic selection marker 3) Designing an all-in-one vector containing all components required for CRISPR/Cas9 system. Conclusion: This modified system would be valuable in genome manipulation studies in Leishmania for vaccine research in future. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1782 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1782/915

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 89 94 EN Mahdi KHOSHSIMA-SHAHRAKI Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Mansour DABIRZADEH Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Hakim AZIZI Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Javad KHEDRI Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Babak DJAHED Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran Ali neshat Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran 2017 05 05 2018 01 31 Background: The aim of the present survey was to assess thr seroepidemiologic and parasitological aspects of Toxocara canis infection in children under 14 yr old. Methods: Overall, 963 sera were collected from children in the Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Southeast of Iran during the period from Sep 2015 to Jun 2016. IgG antibody against T. canis in the subjects’ sera was evaluated using the commercial ELISA kit. Results: Anti-Toxocara IgG were detected in the serum of 17 (1.7%) of the participants. In the examined children, the highest presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies was 2.1% (9/418) in 6-10-yr olds, which was higher than other age groups (P<0.05). Anti-Toxocara antibodies were significantly higher in males (2.4% or 12/492) than in females (1.1% or 5/471) (P<0.03). Highest serological prevalence of T. canis occurred in tribes (5.5% or 4/69), followed by rural areas (0.9% or 7/757), while in the urban area it was 0.1% (6/163) (P<0.01). A significant association was seen between the serological prevalence of T. canis and laboratory findings such as eosinophilia (P=0.001) and red blood cell count (P=0.02). Conclusion: Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection is high among children living in the poor regions of southeast Iran. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1596 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1596/916

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 95 105 EN Omidreza AMRABADI Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Ahmad ORYAN Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad MOAZENI Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Hassan SHARIFIYAZDI Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Maryam AKBARI Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 2015 12 11 2016 07 25 Background: Introduction of Taenia multiceps and T. gaigeri as two separate species have been recognized mainly on morphological grounds. This experimental study was conducted to test whether cerebral and non-cerebral forms of Coenurus cerebralis belong to one origin or they are originated from two different tape worms. Methods:  Two groups of dogs were infected with the cerebral and muscular sources of the coenuri cysts. About two months later the eggs were collected from the fecal samples to be used to experimentally infect other healthy goats. Histopathological and molecular evaluation was conducted in two groups of goats that were challenged with T. multiceps eggs obtained from the infected dogs by brain and muscular sources of coenuri cysts in School of Veterinary Medicine of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran in 2015. All aberrant sites of predilection of the metacestode in goats were muscles, heart, diaphragm and lungs. The brain and spinal cord were carefully dissected and examined but the cysts were not found in these locations. In addition, the molecular genetic markers of mitochondrial DNA (CO1 and ND1) were applied to resolve the questionable relationship between T. multiceps and T. gaigeri. Results: The larval stages of T. multiceps in brain and in other aberrant sites, which showed similar morphological criteria, were monophyletic species. Conclusion: Therefore, T. gaigeri must be considered taxonomically invalid. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/636 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/636/917

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 10 106 110 EN XinLei WANG College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China AND Jinci College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China Ling DONG College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China Li ZHANG College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China Yan LV College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China HaiLong LI College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China 2017 09 15 2018 02 19 Background: Wild rodents are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii. The distribution of genetic diversity of T. gondii in wild rodents is of importance to understand the transmission of this parasite. This study aimed to genetically characterize T. gondii isolates from wild rodents in Sichuan province, southwestern China in 2013. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 10 g wild rodents’ brain samples. Semi-nested PCR and multilocous PCR-RFLP technology were performed to examine genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates as described previously. Results: Overall, 181 brain tissues of different wild rodents, including Eothenomys miletus (n=88), Crocidura attenuate (n=9), Rattus rattus sladeni (n=46), Mus musculus Linnaeus (n=6) and R. niviventer (n=32) were tested for T. gondii DNA, respectively. Six of them were positive for the T. gondii B1 gene by semi-nested PCR amplification, 4 showed complete genotyping results for all 11 polymorphic loci (SAG1, SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22-8, C29-2 and Apico) by PCR-RFLP, determined to represent a potential new genotype (http://toxodb.org/toxo/). Conclusion: These results documented genetic characterization of T. gondii in wild rodents from Sichuan province, and enriched the genetic diversity of T. gondii in China. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1755 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1755/918

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 111 119 EN Farideh TOHIDI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran AND Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Bahram KAZEMI Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mojgan BANDEHPOUR Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iraj SHARIFI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran AND Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Reza RABIEI Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran Ebrahim SAEDI DEZAKI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran Zahra BABAEI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran AND Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2017 12 05 2018 03 13 Background: This study was aimed to silencing the Nucleoside transporter 3 (NT3) permease nucleobases involved in the salvage pathway of Leishmania in order to disrupt purine nucleotide uptake in the parasite and consequently, destruction of the parasite. Methods: Overall, 502 bp fragment of the NT3 gene sequence was designed to produce an antisense transcript upon entry of the vector into the parasite. The NT3 construct was transfected into L. major promastigotes and NT3 gene expression was studied in vivo and in vitro conditions. Results: Relative expression NT3 gene in transgenic Leishmania was decreased in tenth day. The percentages and the number of amastigotes infected macrophages with transgenic L. major were less than infected macrophages with wild-type strain. Our results in two groups of BALB/c female mice (wild-type strain and mutant, n=4 each group) were showed that size and number of ulcers in BALB/c mice infected with transgenic Leishmania promastigotes were less than the BALB/c mice infected with wild-type parasites. Conclusion: The results indicate the use of antisense RNA reduces of NT3 gene expression in L. major. More studies are required to obtain a new approach for treating Leishmania infection. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1904 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1904/919

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 120 126 EN Salma TEIMOORI Center of Excellence for Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand AND WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Gholamreza MOWLAVI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yuji ARIMATSU WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Banchob SRIPA WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Iraj MOBEDI Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Meysam SHARIFDINI Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Jafar MASSOUD Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saied Reza NADDAF Department of Parasitology, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2017 07 28 2019 03 11 Background: We detected eight trematodes in the small intestine of a road-killed jackal (Canis aureus) from Hamidiyeh District near the city of Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province in 2010. Methods: Three worms were stained with carmine acid, mounted in Canada balsam on glass slides and examined under a light microscope at 1000X magnification. PCR and sequencing of a partial ITS2 sequence were used to approve the diagnosis. Results: The flukes measured ≈1 mm in length with an elongated ovoid shape resembling the members of heterophyid, and only one testis, characteristics of the genus Haplorchis. Sequencing of a 481-bp fragment of the ITS2 locus from the worms revealed 97%-98% identity with the similar sequences of the H. taichui flukes previously identified in the fish, cat, and humans from Thailand, China, and Vietnam. Conclusion: Further studies with the application of reliable molecular tools to diagnose trematode infections in wildlife and humans can bring more insight into the epidemiology of fish-borne flukes including H. taichui in this area. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1705 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1705/920

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 127 135 EN Shohreh AMINPOUR Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Reaserch Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Abdollah RAFIEI Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Reaserch Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Ali JELOWDAR Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Maryam KOUCHAK Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2017 11 23 2018 03 13 Background: Protoscolex plays an important role in the development of hydatid cyst. Albendazole is one of the most effectual protoscolicidal agents for averting the reappearance of this disease, nonetheless, its low solubility and its low intestinal absorption necessitates the presence of a drug carrier to enhance its efficacy. In this study, the effect of albendazole and its nano-form on protoscolices in cultured media and in vivo was evaluated. Methods: Microemulsion method was used to prepare the Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing albendazole. Infected livers were collected from the Slaughterhouse of Ahvaz, Khuzestan in 2017. The protoscolices were stored in RPMI 1640 for one week, and their survival under the influence of albendazole and nano-albendazole on days 3 and 7 at concentrations of 250 and 500µg / ml was investigated. The live protoscolices exposed on day 3 at a concentration of 250 μg/ml were injected to mice for evaluation of pathogenicity. Three months later, after autopsy of the mice, the pathogenicity was evaluated. Results: Protoscolicidal efficacy was highest in both concentrations on day 7 for albendazole and on day 5 for nano-albendazole. Following the autopsy of the mice, cyst growth was reported in all mice, and only two mice from the albandazole loaded SLNs group did not have any cyst. Conclusion: Albendazole loaded SLNs showed a higher protoscolicidal property than the free form of this drug; therefore, the use of nano-formulation of this drug is recommended to prevent the onset of this disease. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1881 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1881/921

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 136 142 Mehdi MOHEBALI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center of Zoonoses, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zabiholah ZAREI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Khadijeh KHANALIHA Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshrat Beigom KIA Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afsaneh MOTAVALLI-HAGHI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Jaber DAVOODI Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran Fathemeh TARIGHI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahya KHODABAKHSH Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mostafa REZAEIAN Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 03 11 Background: In this study, some microsporidial and coccidian parasites were isolated from 103 domestic cats in the Meshkin Shahr area, northwestern Iran during the Jun 2014 to Jun 2015, and their genera were identified using parasitological methods with emphasis on their zoonotic importance. Methods: One hundred and three fecal samples of domestic cats were collected and preserved in formalin (10%) and conserved in phosphate buffer saline solution, finally examined by microscopy after formalin-ether concentration and specific staining. Preservation in dichromate potassium (2.5%) was performed for all coccidian positive samples and then sporulated coccidian oocysts were investigated. Results: The detected parasites were Isospora spp. 6/103(5.8%). Microsporidian spores were identified in 46/103 (44.6%) of all samples post-stained by the aniline blue staining method. Conclusion: Microsporidial infections were more prevalent in domestic cats. Further studies are needed in the identification of microsporidial spores isolated from infected cats. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2499 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2499/922

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 1 2019 03 11 143 150 EN Jhons Fatriyadi SUWANDI Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Widya ASMARA Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia Hari KUSNANTO Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia Din SYAFRUDDIN Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makasar, Indonesia Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia Supargiyono SUPARGIYONO Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia 2018 02 20 2018 10 15 Background: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp., that still prevalence in some part of Indonesia. District of Pesawaran is one of malaria endemic area in the Province of Lampung. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the ACT treatment in the District of Pesawaran Province of Lampung, Indonesia from Dec 2012 to Jul 2013 and the genetic variation of the Plasmodium falciparum also studied. Methods: This study was observational analytic study of falciparum malaria patients treated with ACT and primaquine (DHP-PQ and AAQ-PQ) at Hanura Primary Health Centre (Puskesmas). DNA isolation was done with QIAmp DNA Mini Kit. Amplification of PfMDR1, MSP1, and MSP2 genes was done with appropriate forward and reverse primer and procedures optimized first. PCR Product of PfMDR1 gene was prepared for sequencing. Data analysis was done with MEGA 6 software. Results: The results of this research are DHP-PQ effectiveness was still wellness among falciparum malaria patients in District of Pesawaran, Province of Lampung, Indonesia. There is Single-nucleotide mutation of N86Y of PfMDR1 gene. The dominant alleles found are MAD20 and 3D7 alleles with Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) are low. Conclusion: Therapy of DHP-PQ as an antimalari