Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 22 28 Faezeh NAJAFI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sasan REZAIE Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshrat Beigom KIA Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud MAHMOUDI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad GHARAGOZLOU Dept. of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Bagher ROKNI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza MOWLAVI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Drug resistance, high costs of treatment and economic losses in meat production have emerged the need of alternative control measures into consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity of Paecilomyces lilacinus fungus on F. hepatica eggs. Methods: P. lilacinus isolated from the soil of natural environment was challenged on F. hepatica eggs to observe the bio control effect of nematophagous fungi on trematode helminth eggs. The study was conducted in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in 2015. Within 21 d of experiment, destructive effects exhibited on the eggshells were investigated using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results: The effective role of P. lilacinus on damaging the eggs of F. hepatica was noticed. Conclusion: This finding is promising for advantageous use of nematophagus fungi as a natural constituent in hyper endemic areas for certain helminthic infections like fascioliasis with diverse kinds of herbivores as egg passer hosts. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1513 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1513/669

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 1 11 Iraj SHARIFI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Reza AFLATOONIAN Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Hossein DAEI PARIZI Afzalipour Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ali HOSSEININASAB Afzalipour Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mahshid MOSTAFAVI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi BAMOROVAT Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Abass AGHAEI AFSHAR Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KESHAVARZ Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid DANESHVAR Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Zahra BABAEI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Hossein MAHMOUDVAND Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Ali MOHAMMADI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh SHARIFI Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad BARATI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KAMIABI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Tabandeh KHALEGHI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has strong links with poverty, substantial medical and veterinary impacts. This review aimed to focus in studies published during 1994-2016 on VL in southeastern Iran. Methods: The present review is based on expert knowledge and historical studies published during the past 23 yr (1994-2016) on VL in southeastern Iran. In addition, related literature found in PubMed by using the keywords such as visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, and Leishmania infantum are included. Results: Overall, 118 children aged 4.2 yr were detected as infected with human VL (HVL). The majority of the cases were from Orzoieh district (37.1%) in southwest of Kerman Province, followed by Sirjan (15.7%), Jiroft (14.8%), Kahnuj (9.3%) and to lesser extent from other areas. The male to female ratio was 1.7. The three most frequent clinical features were represented by fever (100.0%), anemia (95.0%) and splenomegaly (91.5%). Altogether, 42.0% of the VL cases developed secondary bacterial infections, the overall case-fatality rate was 3.4%, and majorities (88.0%) of the VL patients were undernourished. Overall, 733 dogs and wild canines were examined by different techniques with various seroprevalence ranges. Conclusion: In southeastern Iran, VL is endemic in Orzoieh district in Kerman Province. While the dogs are implicated as the main domestic reservoir of VL, wide range of wild canines can serve as a secondary potential reservoir host. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1511 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1511/667

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 143 147 Fatemeh MEMARI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Maryam NIYYATI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zeynab JONEIDI Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Opportunistic infections due to free-living amoebae such as Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE), cutaneous acanthamoebiasis and disseminated infections could be the causative agent of mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS. In this study, we report the occurrence of the Acanthamoeba belonging to the T4 genotype isolated from nasal and oral swabs of a 15 -yr-old man with HIV infection. HIV was confirmed using ELISA kit and RT-PCR assay. The isolated strain showed pathogenic potential using thermo and osmotolerance assays. This patient might be vulnerable to develop GAE or disseminated infections and depending on the immunologic status of the patient, this could be a health threat. Monitoring of such patients, appropriate diagnostic procedures and improved-HIV related care can alter the outcome of such infections.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1529 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1529/684

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 123 129 Ali YOUSEFI Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ali ESLAMI Dept. of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sadegh RAHBARI Dept. of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iraj MOBEDI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The prevalence and intensity of endo and ectoparasites in shrews inhabiting in the Dasht-e Razan of Hamedan Province, Iran, were determined in this study. Methods: By live traps, 64 shrews belong to species bicoloured white-toothed shrews (Crocidura leucodon) were trapped during 2010-2012. Captured animals were euthanized and their gender recorded. The blood thick and thin smears were stained with Geimsa and examined for protozoan parasites. Then, ectoparasites were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol and after necropsies; different organs were examined for helminthes. Results: The prevalence of collected helminthes of Crocidura leucodon were; Capillaria crociduri (18.7%), Vigisolepis secunda (26.5%), Coronacantus sp (15.6%), Capillaria hokkaidensis (45.3%), and its ectoparasites were; Nymphs of three species of ticks; Haemaphysalis sp (32.8%), Ornitodoros sp (23.4%), Hyalomma sp (9.4%), one species of louse, Polyplax reclinata (18.7%) and one species of flea Leptopsylla sp (39.1%). Among the collected parasites, all helminthes and one sucking louse, P. reclinata are reported for the first time in Iran. Statistically analysis with the Chi-square test did not show any significant relation between gender and endoparasites (P>0.05), but the ectoparasites had significant differences with gender (P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between the altitude and the parasite species richness (Spearman's test: P>0.05). Conclusion: This study reports 9 species of parasites and 5 species of them were identified for the first time in Iran and some of them are vectors of several important zoonoses agents. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1526 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1526/681

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 29 37 Mohammad MATINI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Hossein REZAEI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Mohammad FALLAH Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Amir Hossein MAGHSOOD Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Massoud SAIDIJAM Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Tayebeh SHAMSI-EHSAN Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: In spite of sufficient knowledge about phenotypic variation of Trichomonas vaginalis, its genetic characteristics are poorly understood. We carried out a molecular epidemiology study in which in vitro metronidazole susceptibility of T. vaginalis isolates was considered. Methods: This study was conducted on 862 women admitted to Gynecology Clinics in Hamadan, west of Iran, during 2014-2015. After recording the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants, vaginal swab samples were taken and subjected to microscopic examination, culture, in vitro sensitivity testing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results: T. vaginalis was detected in 1.9% (16/862) of the samples using two parasitological methods. The all T. vaginalis isolates that subjected to drug susceptibility analysis were sensitive to metronidazole with MICs ranged from 0.4 to 12.8 µg/ml. T. vaginalis genotyping by using actin gene and PCR-RFLP analysis identified three actin type; A (9, 56%), I (6, 38%) and E (1, 6%). No significant correlation was observed between actin genotypes and their clinical manifestation (P>0.05).  Conclusion: The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection is not noticeable in the region and the most of isolates are hypersensitive to metronidazole. Further studies are needed to clarify the efficiency of the actin gene, as a reliable genetic marker, for molecular epidemiology of trichomoniasis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1514 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1514/670

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 12 21 Dorota LITWIN Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland WenChieh CHEN Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany AND. Women’s Health Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan Ewa DZIKA Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland Joanna KORYCIŃSKA Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Demodex is a genus of mites living predominantly in mammalian pilosebaceous units. They are commonly detected in the skin of face, with increasing numbers in inflammatory lesions. Causation between Demodex mites and inflammatory diseases, such as rosacea, blepharitis, perioral and seborrhoeic dermatitis or chalazion, is controversially discussed. Clinical observations indicate a primary form of human Demodex infection. The aim of this review was to highlight the biological aspects of Demodex infestation and point out directions for the future research. Methods: We conducted a broad review based on the electronic database sources such as MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus with regard to the characteristics of the Demodex species, methods of examination and worldwide epidemiology, molecular studies and its role in the complex human ecosystem. Results: Demodex mites are organisms with a worldwide importance as they act in indicating several dermatoses, under certain conditions. However, correlations between Demodex and other parasites or microorganisms occupying one host, as well as interactions between these arachnids and its symbiotic bacteria should be considered. There are few methods of human mites' examination depending on purpose of the study. Nevertheless, paying attention must be needed as polymorphism of Demodex species has been reported. Conclusion: Overall, the present review will focus on different aspects of Demodex mites’ biology and significance of these arachnids in human’s health. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1512 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1512/668

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 148 151 Feidoun SABZI Preventive Cardiovascular Research Centre Kermanshah, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Reza FARAJI Preventive Cardiovascular Research Centre Kermanshah, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 A case of the Budd Chiary Syndrome (BCS) in a 43-yr-old man with hydatid cyst (HC) in the liver is reported from Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah, western Iran in 2016. This case was complicated by inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis, right atrial clot and pulmonary emboli. Compression of IVC was the likely mechanism. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a huge HC located in segments near IVC and caused compression of IVC. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed IVC and right atrium thrombosis, however pulmonary emboli was not documented in TTE but intra operative exploration showed multiple clot in main and left pulmonary artery branch. The patient recovered after open-heart surgery with removal of right atrial, IVC and pulmonary artery emboli. BCS should be looked for routinely in patients with HC of the liver. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1530 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1530/685

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 130 135 Peng JIANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Zi Fang ZHANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Zhong Quan WANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Ruo Dan LIU Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Xi ZHANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Ge Ge SUN Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Xin QI Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Li WANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Jing CUI Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The intraperitoneal injection is a common method for establishing the experimental animal model infected with parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate if the intraperitoneal injection was another route of Trichinella spiralis infection. Methods: From June to July 2015, twenty BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 300 T. spiralis muscle larvae in Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, China. The larvae per gr (LPG) muscle from the infected mice and the reproductive capacity index (RCI) of T. spiralis were calculated Results: Sixty percent (12/20) mice injected were successfully infected at 35 day post injection (dpi), but the muscle larval burden (381.53 larvae per gr) and reproductive capacity index (32.33) in infected mice was lower. Conclusion: A mechanical force indicated as a possible mechanism in successful larval invasion of almost all kind of host tissues. However, the exact migratory route of larvae from peritoneal cavity into small intestine is not clear. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1527 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1527/682

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 38 45 Mahmoud MAHAMI-OSKOUEI Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad MORADI Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Esmaeil FALLAH Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Faezeh HAMIDI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Najibeh ASL RAHNAMAYE AKBARI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Toxoplasma gondii, the obligate, intracellular parasite afflicts human in diverse ways such as ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma isolated from meat samples being consumed in East Azerbaijan, Northwest of Iran. Methods: Overall, 150 samples including chicken, beef and lamb meat were collected from retailers in different regions of Tabriz, northwestern Iran during April to September 2014. Molecular detection was done by amplifying B1 gene and T. gondii surface antigen 2 (SAG2) loci. For genotyping of T. gondii, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed using Sau3AI and HhaI restriction enzymes. Finally, three positive isolate from each host was sequenced to evaluate and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Overall, 26 (17.33%) samples were positive for T. gondii including 4 (8%) isolate from chicken, 8 (16%) isolates from cattle and 14 (28%) isolates from sheep. According to the RFLP patterns, sequencing and phylogenetic results, all of the samples were identified as genotype I. Conclusion: The results indicated a potential risk of transmission of the disease through the consumption of infected meat. This is particularly important especially for pregnant women and immuno-compromised patients and this suggests that the training on the prevention of infection is necessary. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1515 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1515/671

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 152 155 Ali BARADAN BAGHERI Dept. of Surgery, Shahid Madani Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mohammad ZIBAEI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mehdi TAYEBI ARASTEH Dept. of Anesthesiology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Although Hydatid disease eradicated in many countries, it is still widespread in communities where agriculture is dominant. Cystic hydatidosis is significant public health problem in the regions with endemic echinococcosis. The hydatid cysts tend to form mostly in the liver or lung. Brain involvement is very rare. In the present report, we describe magnetic resonance imaging findings in an 18-yr-old male with cerebral echinococcosis, in Shahid Madani Hospital, Karaj, Iran in 2015. The patient, presented with headache, hemiparesis, impairment of speech, vomiting, and nausea. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical exploration proved a cyst in the superior portion of left temporal lobe. Pathological examination showed it to be a solitary primary cerebral hydatid cyst.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1531 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1531/686

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 136 142 Ali PEZESHKI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Ali HANILOO Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Asghar ALEJAFAR Dept. of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Behnam MOHAMMADI-GHALEHBIN Dept. of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Human toxocariasis is contained in the list of neglected diseases. The infection occurs after ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated soil. The present study was carried out to estimate the extent of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public places. Methods: Soil samples were collected randomly from 41 public places in various parts in and around of Ardabil, Iran, between March 2013 and March 2014. Data were examined by microscopy following sodium nitrate flotation. Results: Of the 200 collected soil samples, 35 (17.5%) were positive for soil parasites. The eggs of Toxocara spp. were found in 14 (7%) soil samples. Conclusion: This investigation gives baseline knowledge regarding soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Ardabil city and provides information for local control of toxocariasis.   https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1528 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1528/683

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 46 55 Hadi SAMADIEH Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Gholam-Reza MOHAMMADI Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohsen MALEKI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Hassan BORJI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad AZIZZADEH Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad HEIDARPOUR Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the pathology of ovine dicrocoeliasis. Methods: During Dec 2013 - Oct 2014, seventy-two sheep (1-3 years) with liver dicrocoeliasis along with 47 healthy sheep were selected from animals admitted for slaughtering at slaughterhouse located in Neyshabour, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Results: In comparison to healthy control, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and serum total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in the parasitized group (P<0.05). A significant increase in liver MDA concentration (P<0.05) of parasitized group was also observed. Packed cell volume (PCV), zinc, iron, total bilirubin and albumin sera levels were significantly lower in the parasitized group (P<0.05). In parasitized sheep, a significant positive correlation was seen between serum MDA concentration and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). On the other hand, the concentration of serum MDA was inversely correlated with the value of PCV. No significant differences were observed for MDA concentration and total antioxidant capacity between normal and abnormal hepatic lobes in the parasitized animals. Oxidative stress markers (MDA and total antioxidant capacity in serum and liver samples) showed no significant correlations with the extent of pathological lesions and serum variables of liver injury in the parasitized sheep. No significant correlation was observed between oxidative stress markers and the fluke’s number in the parasitized animals. Conclusion: Oxidative stress may play an important role in the erythrocyte destruction in sheep naturally infected with D. dendriticum. However, no clear relationships were observed between the oxidative stress, hepatic damage and parasite burden. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1516 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1516/672

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 56 62 Atieh FARHADI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Ali HANILOO Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Asghar FAZAELI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Siamak MORADIAN Fellowship in Vitreoretinal Surgery, Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi FARHADI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is mainly based on clinical features. However, ocular fluid testing by PCR may be very helpful for approval or rejection of this etiology. In this study, we utilized a nested-PCR technique, targeting the B1 partial sequence to analyze the aqueous and vitreous samples for evaluating the presence of the Toxoplasma DNA. Methods: Fifty aqueous or vitreous humor samples were obtained from patients with clinical features of ocular toxoplasmosis admitted to ophthalmology hospitals and clinics in Iran, within 2014. The samples were subsequently subjected to DNA extraction and purification. For nested amplification of the Toxoplasma B1 gene, two primer pairs were used. The outer and inner primers are expected to produce a 193 bp and a 96 bp fragments, respectively. Results: The first-round PCR resulted in the detection of T. gondii in 58% of samples by amplification of the expected 193bp DNA fragment. The nested-PCR using the inner primers, detected 15 additional samples from those with negative amplicons in the first round PCR (overall positivity of 88%). In addition, vitreous samples showed relatively more positive cases than aqueous humor in detection of the infection. Conclusion: The nested-PCR protocol using the B1 gene, with the high detection power, could be a useful complimentary method to clinical diagnose of ocular toxoplasmosis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1518 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1518/673

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 63 68 Nahid JALALLOU Dept. of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, AJA University, Tehran, Iran Shahrokh IRAVANI AJA Cancer Research Center (ACRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa REZAEIAN Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Atefe ALINAGHIZADE Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamed MIRJALALI Dept. of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, AJA University, Tehran, Iran AND Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Blastocystis is one of the most common parasites, reported from both human and animals. This parasite is more prevalent in regions with low levels of hygiene, close contact with animal and unsuitable disposal systems. The aim of the study was to subtype Blastocystis sp., isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients using sequencing of 18S ribosomal DNA. Methods: Totally, 300 stool samples were collected from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital, Tehran from Apr to Aug 2015. All samples were concentrated using conventional Formalin – ether technique and recognized under light microscope. The fresh stool samples were also cultivated in clotted fetal bovine medium and examined for growing of Blastocystis every 48 h with direct smear slides for 10 d.DNA extraction was performed on all positive samples. Amplified DNA fragment of 18S rDNA was sequenced and compared with reference genes, previously deposited in Genbank database. Results: The number of diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients participated in the study was 134 (44.66%) and 166 (55.34%), respectively. Three subtypes 1, 2, 3 were identified from positive samples. Subtype 2 was the most prevalent (36.5%) followed by subtype 1 (33.3%) and subtype 3 (30.2%). There were no mixed subtypes. Furthermore, the most prevalent subtypes in diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients were subtype 2 (39.28%) and subtype 1 (37.14%), respectively. Conclusion: Blastocystis sp., is one of the most prevalent unicellular parasites among diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients. Indeed, ST2 was the most prevalent subtype particularly in those samples collected from diarrheic patients. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1519 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1519/674

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 69 82 Huu-Hung NGUYEN Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Doan-Trung VO Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thi-Tuyet-Trinh THAI Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thi-Thanh-Thao FALLAH Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdoulreza ESTEGHAMATI Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein MASOUMI-ASL Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 09 16 2019 06 19 Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection cause trichomoniasis. In this study prevalence and genotype of Iranian isolates of T. vaginalis infected (dsRNA) viruses were evaluated by PCR-RFLP and obtained patterns were then confirmed by sequence analysis and genotype of these Iranian isolates confirmed again. Methods: Ten strains of T.vaginalis were collected from 1700 vaginal samples of women referred to hospitals associated with Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran during Feb 2016 to Jul 2017, evaluated in points of infection to T. vaginalis Virus (TVV-1) were used in a PCR-RFLP. All of ten isolates of T. vaginalis were examined by designed nested PCR for actin gene and then digestion patterns of three endonuclease enzymes of HindII, MseI and RsaI were evaluated and genotype of these isolates was defined. Results: By combination of fragments pattern of three enzymes of HindII, RsaI and MseI, three genotypes were found; six genotypes E, two genotypes G and two genotypes I. The most dominant genotypes were genotype E. Among four TVV infected isolates two genotype E, one genotype G and one genotype I were found, however among six uninfected T. vaginalis isolates to TVV-1, all of three genotypes were also found. Conclusion: Three genotypes E, G and I in T. vaginalis infected with dsRNA isolates were found, however, these three genotypes in T. vaginalis without virus were also observed. Further study is needed to evaluate genotypes of T. vaginalis, which infected virus in more great T. vaginalis population. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1758 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1758/957

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 2 2019 06 18 258 268 EN Mohammad AHMADI Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Biological Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran Ziba AKBARI Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mahbobeh ALIKHANI Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Biological Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran Reza HAJHOSSIANI Department of Biological Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran Zahra ZAMANI Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad ARJMAND Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 2018 05 20 2019 06 18 Background: Xanthium strumarium L. is extensively used as a traditional herb to treat many diseases and is also known as a source of phytochemicals. It has been used traditionally to treat trypanosomiasis, malaria fever, eczema, cancer, ulcer, fever, herpes headache, and skin lesion such as leishmaniasis. In this preliminary study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-metabolomics approaches was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects and metabolic alterations caused by leaf extract of X. strumarium on the stationary phases of promastigotes in Leishmania major. Methods: The promastigotes were cultured in Biochemistry Laboratory at Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2017, stationary phases were obtained from 5 to 6 day-old cultures and treated with different concentrations of the plant’s extract. Antileishmanial activity was assayed by MTT method and cell metabolites were extracted. 1H NMR spectroscopy was applied, and outliers were separated using multivariate statistical analysis. Results: The most affected metabolic pathways in the experimental groups were limited to amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, cyanoamino acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and galactose metabolism. Conclusion: The ethanolic leaf extract of X. strumarium is a potent growth inhibitor of Leishmania major and can affect vital metabolic pathways of Leishmania promastigotes. The assay provided new perspectives on the development of novel treatment strategies for leishmanial activity derived from natural products. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2138 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2138/941

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 2 2019 06 18 269 279 EN Safa ARYAMAND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Shahram KHADEMVATAN Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Khosrow HAZRATI TAPPEH Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Behnam HESHMATIAN Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Ali JELODAR Department of Medical Parasitology, Jondishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2017 10 10 2018 05 21 Background: We aimed to investigate the scolicidal effects of Holothuria leucospilota extract and CeO2 nanoparticles against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts in-vitro and in-vivo. Methods: Hydatid cysts were collected from, Urmia slaughterhouses between years 2016-2017 and the hydatid fluid aspirated from the fertile cysts. Various concentration of H. leucospilota extract, CeO2 NPs and combination of CeO2-NPs/H. leucospilota were used for 10-60 min to evaluate the viability of protoscoleces by 0.1% eosin method. CASPASE -3 activity measured for assessment of cell apoptosis in treated protoscoleces. BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2000 viable protoscoleces and treated daily for 4 wk by intragastrical inoculation with H. leucospilota, CeO2 NPs, combination of CeO2 NPs/H. leucospilota and Albendazole. Cyst development was macroscopically analyzed. Results: H. leucospilota extract and combination of CeO2 NPs/H. leucospilota have potent scolicidal activity at concentration of 20 mg/ml and 15 mg/ml after 60 min treatment. Maximum caspase-3 activity was observed when protoscoleces expose with H. leucospilota and combination H. leucospilota & CeO2 NPs. After treatment of cyst infected mice with extract and CeO2 NPs, combination of CeO2 NPs/H leucospilota and albendazole, a significant decrease in number of cysts, size and volume of cyst (P<0.05) was observed. Conclusion: This result shows an antihydatic and scolicidal effects of H. leucospilota extract and CeO2 NPs. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1820 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1820/942

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 2 2019 06 18 280 287 EN Shohreh AZIMI Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Azar SABOKBAR Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Amir BAIRAMI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mohammad Javad GHARAVI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran AND Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 08 28 2018 01 15 Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) remains a leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients. The aim of study was to find out P. jirovecii in versatile group of HIV-positive patients prisoners. Methods: Overall, 102 HIV positive patients from Ghezel Hesar Prison, Karaj, Iran from October 2016 to March 2017 without any respiratory symptoms were selected with different medication histories against HIV and PCP. Microscopic and molecular (qualitative real-time PCR) examination were applied on sputum specimens and serological investigation (β-D-glucan assay for fungal diseases) carried out on patient’s sera. Results: Only 3 and 1 patients were positive for PCP by microscopic and molecular testing, respectively. Twenty-four (23.5%) and 78 (76.5%) out of 102 patients were seropositive and seronegative for fungi disease, respectively. Seropositive patients were older than seronegative subjects (P<0.001). Most of seropositive individuals showed less mean value of CD4 counts compared to seronegative group (P<0.001). Of 54 patients who were under HIV therapy, 13 were seropositive compared to 11 out of 24 seropositives who were no adhere to treatment (P<0.001). In terms of prophylactic antibiotic therapy against PCP, of 24 patients who received prophylaxis, 3 (12.5%) and 21 (87.5%) were seropositive and seronegative, respectively (P<0.001). On the contrary, among 78 patients who did not receive prophylaxis, 21 (27%) and 57 (73%) belonged to seropositive and seronegative patients, respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: There was no strong evidence for PCP infection/disease among symptomless, HIV positive patients. According to their mean CD4 counts, the hypothesis for being negative in a majority of applied tests would be the absence of severe immunosuppression in the patients. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1740 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1740/943

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 2 2019 06 18 288 296 EN Mohammad MATINI Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Mohammad FALLAH Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Amir Hossein MAGHSOOD Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Massoud SAIDIJAM Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Majid FASIHI HARANDI Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2018 04 07 2019 06 18 Background: Cystic echinococcosis, a major public health and economic concern, is a zoonotic helminth infection with worldwide distribution. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic characteristics of hydatid cysts isolated from human and livestock in Hamadan region, western Iran during 2016-2017. Methods: Ten human hydatid cysts and 40 animal hydatid cysts including 32 sheep, 5 cattle and 3 goats were genotyped by PCR amplification of two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1. Genetic identification of the isolates was performed by using bioinformatics software and mtDNA nucleotide sequences of the parasite, available in GenBank database. Results: The PCR amplification was successfully carried out on 50 hydatid cyst isolates and then the nucleotide sequencing was conducted. The sequence analysis of the samples found that the isolates belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto including G1 (42/50, 84%), G2 (4/50, 8%) and G3 (4/50, 8%) genotype. The G1 genotype was detected in human (8/10, 80%), sheep (26/32, 81%), cattle (5/5, 100%) and goat (3/3, 100%) hydatid cysts. The G2 and G3 genotypes were found only in sheep and human isolates. Alignment analysis of the cox1 and nad1 gene sequences revealed thirteen and ten sequence types, respectively. Conclusion: G1 was the prevailing genotype of E. granulosus in the area and dog-sheep transmission cycle should be considered when implementing hydatidosis control programs. In addition, high genetic diversity was detected among the hydatid cyst isolates. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2074 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2074/944

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 14 2 2019 06 19 297 302 EN Hossein HAMIDINEJAT Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Somayeh BAHRAMI Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Bahman MOSALANEJAD Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Sharareh PAHLAVAN Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 2017 08 20 2018 05 21 Background: Anaplasmosis due to Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an important tick-borne zoonotic disease, which affects dogs, horses, cattle and human as well. This study aimed to probe the existence of this organism by means of molecular biology techniques for the first time in rural dogs of Khuzestan province, Southwestern Iran. Methods: During Sep 2014 to Apr 2015 blood samples of 103 apparently health