Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 22 28 Faezeh NAJAFI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Sasan REZAIE Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eshrat Beigom KIA Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mahmoud MAHMOUDI Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad GHARAGOZLOU Dept. of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Bagher ROKNI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza MOWLAVI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Khodavaisy Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Drug resistance, high costs of treatment and economic losses in meat production have emerged the need of alternative control measures into consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity of Paecilomyces lilacinus fungus on F. hepatica eggs. Methods: P. lilacinus isolated from the soil of natural environment was challenged on F. hepatica eggs to observe the bio control effect of nematophagous fungi on trematode helminth eggs. The study was conducted in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in 2015. Within 21 d of experiment, destructive effects exhibited on the eggshells were investigated using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results: The effective role of P. lilacinus on damaging the eggs of F. hepatica was noticed. Conclusion: This finding is promising for advantageous use of nematophagus fungi as a natural constituent in hyper endemic areas for certain helminthic infections like fascioliasis with diverse kinds of herbivores as egg passer hosts. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1513 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1513/669

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 1 11 Iraj SHARIFI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Reza AFLATOONIAN Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Hossein DAEI PARIZI Afzalipour Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ali HOSSEININASAB Afzalipour Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mahshid MOSTAFAVI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi BAMOROVAT Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Abass AGHAEI AFSHAR Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KESHAVARZ Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid DANESHVAR Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Zahra BABAEI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Hossein MAHMOUDVAND Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Ali MOHAMMADI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh SHARIFI Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad BARATI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KAMIABI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Tabandeh KHALEGHI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has strong links with poverty, substantial medical and veterinary impacts. This review aimed to focus in studies published during 1994-2016 on VL in southeastern Iran. Methods: The present review is based on expert knowledge and historical studies published during the past 23 yr (1994-2016) on VL in southeastern Iran. In addition, related literature found in PubMed by using the keywords such as visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, and Leishmania infantum are included. Results: Overall, 118 children aged 4.2 yr were detected as infected with human VL (HVL). The majority of the cases were from Orzoieh district (37.1%) in southwest of Kerman Province, followed by Sirjan (15.7%), Jiroft (14.8%), Kahnuj (9.3%) and to lesser extent from other areas. The male to female ratio was 1.7. The three most frequent clinical features were represented by fever (100.0%), anemia (95.0%) and splenomegaly (91.5%). Altogether, 42.0% of the VL cases developed secondary bacterial infections, the overall case-fatality rate was 3.4%, and majorities (88.0%) of the VL patients were undernourished. Overall, 733 dogs and wild canines were examined by different techniques with various seroprevalence ranges. Conclusion: In southeastern Iran, VL is endemic in Orzoieh district in Kerman Province. While the dogs are implicated as the main domestic reservoir of VL, wide range of wild canines can serve as a secondary potential reservoir host. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1511 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1511/667

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 143 147 Fatemeh MEMARI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Maryam NIYYATI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zeynab JONEIDI Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Opportunistic infections due to free-living amoebae such as Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE), cutaneous acanthamoebiasis and disseminated infections could be the causative agent of mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS. In this study, we report the occurrence of the Acanthamoeba belonging to the T4 genotype isolated from nasal and oral swabs of a 15 -yr-old man with HIV infection. HIV was confirmed using ELISA kit and RT-PCR assay. The isolated strain showed pathogenic potential using thermo and osmotolerance assays. This patient might be vulnerable to develop GAE or disseminated infections and depending on the immunologic status of the patient, this could be a health threat. Monitoring of such patients, appropriate diagnostic procedures and improved-HIV related care can alter the outcome of such infections.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1529 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1529/684

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 123 129 Ali YOUSEFI Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ali ESLAMI Dept. of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sadegh RAHBARI Dept. of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iraj MOBEDI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The prevalence and intensity of endo and ectoparasites in shrews inhabiting in the Dasht-e Razan of Hamedan Province, Iran, were determined in this study. Methods: By live traps, 64 shrews belong to species bicoloured white-toothed shrews (Crocidura leucodon) were trapped during 2010-2012. Captured animals were euthanized and their gender recorded. The blood thick and thin smears were stained with Geimsa and examined for protozoan parasites. Then, ectoparasites were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol and after necropsies; different organs were examined for helminthes. Results: The prevalence of collected helminthes of Crocidura leucodon were; Capillaria crociduri (18.7%), Vigisolepis secunda (26.5%), Coronacantus sp (15.6%), Capillaria hokkaidensis (45.3%), and its ectoparasites were; Nymphs of three species of ticks; Haemaphysalis sp (32.8%), Ornitodoros sp (23.4%), Hyalomma sp (9.4%), one species of louse, Polyplax reclinata (18.7%) and one species of flea Leptopsylla sp (39.1%). Among the collected parasites, all helminthes and one sucking louse, P. reclinata are reported for the first time in Iran. Statistically analysis with the Chi-square test did not show any significant relation between gender and endoparasites (P>0.05), but the ectoparasites had significant differences with gender (P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between the altitude and the parasite species richness (Spearman's test: P>0.05). Conclusion: This study reports 9 species of parasites and 5 species of them were identified for the first time in Iran and some of them are vectors of several important zoonoses agents. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1526 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1526/681

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 29 37 Mohammad MATINI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Hossein REZAEI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Mohammad FALLAH Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Amir Hossein MAGHSOOD Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Massoud SAIDIJAM Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Tayebeh SHAMSI-EHSAN Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: In spite of sufficient knowledge about phenotypic variation of Trichomonas vaginalis, its genetic characteristics are poorly understood. We carried out a molecular epidemiology study in which in vitro metronidazole susceptibility of T. vaginalis isolates was considered. Methods: This study was conducted on 862 women admitted to Gynecology Clinics in Hamadan, west of Iran, during 2014-2015. After recording the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants, vaginal swab samples were taken and subjected to microscopic examination, culture, in vitro sensitivity testing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results: T. vaginalis was detected in 1.9% (16/862) of the samples using two parasitological methods. The all T. vaginalis isolates that subjected to drug susceptibility analysis were sensitive to metronidazole with MICs ranged from 0.4 to 12.8 µg/ml. T. vaginalis genotyping by using actin gene and PCR-RFLP analysis identified three actin type; A (9, 56%), I (6, 38%) and E (1, 6%). No significant correlation was observed between actin genotypes and their clinical manifestation (P>0.05).  Conclusion: The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection is not noticeable in the region and the most of isolates are hypersensitive to metronidazole. Further studies are needed to clarify the efficiency of the actin gene, as a reliable genetic marker, for molecular epidemiology of trichomoniasis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1514 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1514/670

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 12 21 Dorota LITWIN Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland WenChieh CHEN Dept. of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany AND. Women’s Health Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan Ewa DZIKA Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland Joanna KORYCIŃSKA Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Demodex is a genus of mites living predominantly in mammalian pilosebaceous units. They are commonly detected in the skin of face, with increasing numbers in inflammatory lesions. Causation between Demodex mites and inflammatory diseases, such as rosacea, blepharitis, perioral and seborrhoeic dermatitis or chalazion, is controversially discussed. Clinical observations indicate a primary form of human Demodex infection. The aim of this review was to highlight the biological aspects of Demodex infestation and point out directions for the future research. Methods: We conducted a broad review based on the electronic database sources such as MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus with regard to the characteristics of the Demodex species, methods of examination and worldwide epidemiology, molecular studies and its role in the complex human ecosystem. Results: Demodex mites are organisms with a worldwide importance as they act in indicating several dermatoses, under certain conditions. However, correlations between Demodex and other parasites or microorganisms occupying one host, as well as interactions between these arachnids and its symbiotic bacteria should be considered. There are few methods of human mites' examination depending on purpose of the study. Nevertheless, paying attention must be needed as polymorphism of Demodex species has been reported. Conclusion: Overall, the present review will focus on different aspects of Demodex mites’ biology and significance of these arachnids in human’s health. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1512 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1512/668

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 148 151 Feidoun SABZI Preventive Cardiovascular Research Centre Kermanshah, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Reza FARAJI Preventive Cardiovascular Research Centre Kermanshah, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 A case of the Budd Chiary Syndrome (BCS) in a 43-yr-old man with hydatid cyst (HC) in the liver is reported from Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah, western Iran in 2016. This case was complicated by inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis, right atrial clot and pulmonary emboli. Compression of IVC was the likely mechanism. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a huge HC located in segments near IVC and caused compression of IVC. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed IVC and right atrium thrombosis, however pulmonary emboli was not documented in TTE but intra operative exploration showed multiple clot in main and left pulmonary artery branch. The patient recovered after open-heart surgery with removal of right atrial, IVC and pulmonary artery emboli. BCS should be looked for routinely in patients with HC of the liver. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1530 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1530/685

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 130 135 Peng JIANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Zi Fang ZHANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Zhong Quan WANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Ruo Dan LIU Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Xi ZHANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Ge Ge SUN Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Xin QI Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Li WANG Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China Jing CUI Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The intraperitoneal injection is a common method for establishing the experimental animal model infected with parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate if the intraperitoneal injection was another route of Trichinella spiralis infection. Methods: From June to July 2015, twenty BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 300 T. spiralis muscle larvae in Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, China. The larvae per gr (LPG) muscle from the infected mice and the reproductive capacity index (RCI) of T. spiralis were calculated Results: Sixty percent (12/20) mice injected were successfully infected at 35 day post injection (dpi), but the muscle larval burden (381.53 larvae per gr) and reproductive capacity index (32.33) in infected mice was lower. Conclusion: A mechanical force indicated as a possible mechanism in successful larval invasion of almost all kind of host tissues. However, the exact migratory route of larvae from peritoneal cavity into small intestine is not clear. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1527 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1527/682

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 38 45 Mahmoud MAHAMI-OSKOUEI Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad MORADI Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Esmaeil FALLAH Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Faezeh HAMIDI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Najibeh ASL RAHNAMAYE AKBARI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Toxoplasma gondii, the obligate, intracellular parasite afflicts human in diverse ways such as ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and genotyping of Toxoplasma isolated from meat samples being consumed in East Azerbaijan, Northwest of Iran. Methods: Overall, 150 samples including chicken, beef and lamb meat were collected from retailers in different regions of Tabriz, northwestern Iran during April to September 2014. Molecular detection was done by amplifying B1 gene and T. gondii surface antigen 2 (SAG2) loci. For genotyping of T. gondii, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed using Sau3AI and HhaI restriction enzymes. Finally, three positive isolate from each host was sequenced to evaluate and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Overall, 26 (17.33%) samples were positive for T. gondii including 4 (8%) isolate from chicken, 8 (16%) isolates from cattle and 14 (28%) isolates from sheep. According to the RFLP patterns, sequencing and phylogenetic results, all of the samples were identified as genotype I. Conclusion: The results indicated a potential risk of transmission of the disease through the consumption of infected meat. This is particularly important especially for pregnant women and immuno-compromised patients and this suggests that the training on the prevention of infection is necessary. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1515 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1515/671

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 152 155 Ali BARADAN BAGHERI Dept. of Surgery, Shahid Madani Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mohammad ZIBAEI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mehdi TAYEBI ARASTEH Dept. of Anesthesiology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Although Hydatid disease eradicated in many countries, it is still widespread in communities where agriculture is dominant. Cystic hydatidosis is significant public health problem in the regions with endemic echinococcosis. The hydatid cysts tend to form mostly in the liver or lung. Brain involvement is very rare. In the present report, we describe magnetic resonance imaging findings in an 18-yr-old male with cerebral echinococcosis, in Shahid Madani Hospital, Karaj, Iran in 2015. The patient, presented with headache, hemiparesis, impairment of speech, vomiting, and nausea. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical exploration proved a cyst in the superior portion of left temporal lobe. Pathological examination showed it to be a solitary primary cerebral hydatid cyst.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1531 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1531/686

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 136 142 Ali PEZESHKI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Ali HANILOO Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Asghar ALEJAFAR Dept. of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Behnam MOHAMMADI-GHALEHBIN Dept. of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Human toxocariasis is contained in the list of neglected diseases. The infection occurs after ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated soil. The present study was carried out to estimate the extent of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public places. Methods: Soil samples were collected randomly from 41 public places in various parts in and around of Ardabil, Iran, between March 2013 and March 2014. Data were examined by microscopy following sodium nitrate flotation. Results: Of the 200 collected soil samples, 35 (17.5%) were positive for soil parasites. The eggs of Toxocara spp. were found in 14 (7%) soil samples. Conclusion: This investigation gives baseline knowledge regarding soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in Ardabil city and provides information for local control of toxocariasis.   https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1528 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1528/683

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 46 55 Hadi SAMADIEH Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Gholam-Reza MOHAMMADI Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohsen MALEKI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Hassan BORJI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad AZIZZADEH Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad HEIDARPOUR Dept. of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the pathology of ovine dicrocoeliasis. Methods: During Dec 2013 - Oct 2014, seventy-two sheep (1-3 years) with liver dicrocoeliasis along with 47 healthy sheep were selected from animals admitted for slaughtering at slaughterhouse located in Neyshabour, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Results: In comparison to healthy control, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and serum total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in the parasitized group (P<0.05). A significant increase in liver MDA concentration (P<0.05) of parasitized group was also observed. Packed cell volume (PCV), zinc, iron, total bilirubin and albumin sera levels were significantly lower in the parasitized group (P<0.05). In parasitized sheep, a significant positive correlation was seen between serum MDA concentration and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). On the other hand, the concentration of serum MDA was inversely correlated with the value of PCV. No significant differences were observed for MDA concentration and total antioxidant capacity between normal and abnormal hepatic lobes in the parasitized animals. Oxidative stress markers (MDA and total antioxidant capacity in serum and liver samples) showed no significant correlations with the extent of pathological lesions and serum variables of liver injury in the parasitized sheep. No significant correlation was observed between oxidative stress markers and the fluke’s number in the parasitized animals. Conclusion: Oxidative stress may play an important role in the erythrocyte destruction in sheep naturally infected with D. dendriticum. However, no clear relationships were observed between the oxidative stress, hepatic damage and parasite burden. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1516 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1516/672

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 56 62 Atieh FARHADI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Ali HANILOO Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Asghar FAZAELI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Siamak MORADIAN Fellowship in Vitreoretinal Surgery, Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi FARHADI Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis is mainly based on clinical features. However, ocular fluid testing by PCR may be very helpful for approval or rejection of this etiology. In this study, we utilized a nested-PCR technique, targeting the B1 partial sequence to analyze the aqueous and vitreous samples for evaluating the presence of the Toxoplasma DNA. Methods: Fifty aqueous or vitreous humor samples were obtained from patients with clinical features of ocular toxoplasmosis admitted to ophthalmology hospitals and clinics in Iran, within 2014. The samples were subsequently subjected to DNA extraction and purification. For nested amplification of the Toxoplasma B1 gene, two primer pairs were used. The outer and inner primers are expected to produce a 193 bp and a 96 bp fragments, respectively. Results: The first-round PCR resulted in the detection of T. gondii in 58% of samples by amplification of the expected 193bp DNA fragment. The nested-PCR using the inner primers, detected 15 additional samples from those with negative amplicons in the first round PCR (overall positivity of 88%). In addition, vitreous samples showed relatively more positive cases than aqueous humor in detection of the infection. Conclusion: The nested-PCR protocol using the B1 gene, with the high detection power, could be a useful complimentary method to clinical diagnose of ocular toxoplasmosis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1518 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1518/673

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 63 68 Nahid JALALLOU Dept. of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, AJA University, Tehran, Iran Shahrokh IRAVANI AJA Cancer Research Center (ACRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa REZAEIAN Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Atefe ALINAGHIZADE Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamed MIRJALALI Dept. of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, AJA University, Tehran, Iran AND Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Blastocystis is one of the most common parasites, reported from both human and animals. This parasite is more prevalent in regions with low levels of hygiene, close contact with animal and unsuitable disposal systems. The aim of the study was to subtype Blastocystis sp., isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients using sequencing of 18S ribosomal DNA. Methods: Totally, 300 stool samples were collected from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital, Tehran from Apr to Aug 2015. All samples were concentrated using conventional Formalin – ether technique and recognized under light microscope. The fresh stool samples were also cultivated in clotted fetal bovine medium and examined for growing of Blastocystis every 48 h with direct smear slides for 10 d.DNA extraction was performed on all positive samples. Amplified DNA fragment of 18S rDNA was sequenced and compared with reference genes, previously deposited in Genbank database. Results: The number of diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients participated in the study was 134 (44.66%) and 166 (55.34%), respectively. Three subtypes 1, 2, 3 were identified from positive samples. Subtype 2 was the most prevalent (36.5%) followed by subtype 1 (33.3%) and subtype 3 (30.2%). There were no mixed subtypes. Furthermore, the most prevalent subtypes in diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients were subtype 2 (39.28%) and subtype 1 (37.14%), respectively. Conclusion: Blastocystis sp., is one of the most prevalent unicellular parasites among diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients. Indeed, ST2 was the most prevalent subtype particularly in those samples collected from diarrheic patients. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1519 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1519/674

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 69 82 Huu-Hung NGUYEN Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Doan-Trung VO Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thi-Tuyet-Trinh THAI Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thi-Thanh-Thao LE Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Thanh-Dong LE Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Nghia-Son HOANG Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Toxocariasis is a prevalent zoonosis disease caused by the closely related nematode species Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati which parasitise Canidae and Felidae respectively. In paratenic hosts, larvae of these worms cause multiple organ damage. However, how these paratenic hosts response to these worms and whether any common biomarker can be applied for diagnosis are still unclear. Methods: Excreted/secreted (E/S) antigens were prepared by culture of T. canis larvae in vitro. Using a western blot (WB) assay the humoral IgG responses, induced by Toxocara spp. larvae to the worm’s E/S antigens in different infected hosts including mice, rabbits and human, were examined. Results: In a mouse model of toxocariasis, intraperitoneal injection of T. canis larvae induces inflammatory leukocyte accumulation in the liver and the lungs but not in the brain, although a remarkable number of larvae were detected in this organ. Mice and rabbits responded differently to Toxocara spp. resulting in distinct heterogenous WB band patterns. Mice and rabbits both responded to a 33.1 kDa E/S constituent that turned out to be the most sensitive protein for serodiagnosis. Sera from human toxocariasis patients showed heterogenous WB band patterns similar to those observed in rabbits and all responded to the 33.1 kDa band. Conclusion: 33.1 kDa E/S protein can be considered as a critical common biomarker for toxocariasis immuno-diagnosis in both paratenic animals and human and its specificity requires further investigation. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1520 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1520/675

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 83 89 Hossein HOOSHYAR Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Shahrbanou GHAFARINASAB Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Mohsen ARBABI Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Mahdi DELAVARI Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Sima RASTI Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Based on genotyping study of human isolates of Giardia lamblia; humans are mainly infected by two assemblages A and B. The present study was carried out to determine the sub-assemblages of G. lamblia isolated from food handlers referred to Kashan health centers, central Iran, 2015. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3653 stool samples collected from food-handlers that annually refer to health center for getting a health certification and examined microscopically for G. lamblia cyst. Totally, 44 isolates were selected from 47 Giardia positive samples. Cysts were partially purified by the sucrose density gradient method. After freeze-thaw cycles, genomic DNA was extracted using QIAamp Stool Mini kit. A single step PCR-RFLP method was used to amplify a 458bp fragment at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus, restriction enzymes BspLI and RsaI were used for distinguish between genotypes A and B and their subgroups. Results: Of 44 isolates, 24(54.5%) were sub-assemblage AII, 9(20.5%) group B including 7(15.9%) BIII and 2(4.6%) BIV sub-assemblage and 11(25%) isolates showed a mixed pattern of AII and B. Sub-assemblage AI was not detected in this study. Conclusion: The higher rate of sub-assemblage AII demonstrated an anthroponotic origin of the infection so infected food-handlers could directly transmit this protozoan to consumers via contaminated food and water. For finding of pattern of transmission and distribution of Giardia assemblages and sub-assemblage, more studies in human and animal population in different regions are necessary. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1521 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1521/676

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 90 100 Sakineh PIRAHMADI Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Sedigheh ZAKERI Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Ahmad RAEISI National Programme Manager for Malaria Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Asymptomatic malaria infection provides a reservoir of parasites, causing the persistence of malaria transmission. It accounts an important challenge for successful management of the control, elimination, and eradication programmes in any malaria-endemic region. This investigation was designed to assess the presence and the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in Iranshahr district of Sistan and Baluchistan Province (2013-2014), with a considerable population movement, during the malaria elimination phase in Iran. Methods: Finger-prick blood samples were collected from symptomless (n=250) and febrile (n=50) individuals residing in Iranshahr district, easthern Iran (Hoodian, Mand, Chah-e Giji, Jolgehashem, Esfand, Dalgan and Chahshour) during Jan 2013 to Dec 2014, and Plasmodium infections were detected using light microscopic and highly sensitive nested-PCR techniques. Results: Thick and thin Giemsa-stained blood smears were negative for Plasmodium parasites. In addition, based on nested-PCR analysis, no P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. malariae parasites were detected among the studied individuals. Conclusion: Investigation the absence of asymptomatic carriers in Iranshahr district was illustrated and achieving malaria elimination in this area is feasible in a near future. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1522 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1522/677

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 101 107 Mehdi KHOSHSIMA SHAHRAKI Dept. of Parasitology & Mycology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Mansour DABIRZADEH Dept. of Parasitology & Mycology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Mahdi AFSHARI Dept. of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran Yahya MAROUFI Dept. of Parasitology & Mycology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: The purpose of this study was seroepidemiological and parasitological assessment of Toxocara canis infection in children and dogs in Zabol and Chabahar, Iran. Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic study with a simple random sampling of children under 14 yr old, referring to urban, rural, and tribal laboratories of Zabol and Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran in 2016. Demographic data, clinical, and laboratory conditions of patients were collected through interviews, questionnaires, and blood count measuring. The prevalence of IgG antibodies against T. canis was assessed by ELISA. T. canis eggs in dogs (as the original host) were also assessed by examining animal feces. Then the data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software and descriptive statistics, chi-square and ANOVA statistical tests. Results: Totally, 364 patients were enrolled, of which 51.6% were female and mean±SD age of participants was 7.2 (±3.7) yr. IgG antibodies against T. canis was observed in 3.8% of cases. A significant association was found between the seroprevalence of T. canis and eosinophil (P=0.003) and red blood cell count (P=0.04). We also found a significant association between serological prevalence of T. canis and demographic parameters, such as city of residence (P=0.003), gender (P=0.04), consumption of vegetables (P=0.01), and the living place (P=0.04). Mean antibody titration was 2.2 ±1.1, with statistically significant difference among age groups (P=0.001). In addition, T. canis infection was positive in 27.5% of dogs living in the study areas. Conclusion: High risk of infection represented in patients referring to laboratories of Zabol and Chabahar. In addition, given the fact that dogs are the final hosts to transfer Toxocara infection to humans, this study emphasizes the need to control the population of stray dogs in the region to prevent the development of disease in the human society. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1523 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1523/678

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 108 116 Pegah BAHMANI Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Afshin MALEKI Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Shahram SADEGHI Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Behzad SHAHMORADI Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Esmaeil GHAHREMANI Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Intestinal parasites are still a serious public health problem in the world, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal protozoa infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Sanandaj City, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study involving 400 schoolchildren was carried out in 2015. Each student was selected using systematic random sampling method. Questionnaire and observation were used to identify possible risk factors. Fresh stool samples were observed using formal-ether concentration method. Results: Five species of intestinal protozoa were identified with an overall prevalence of 42.3%. No cases of helminthes infection were detected. The predominant protozoa were Blastocys hominis (21.3%) and Entamoeba coli (4.5%). Overall, 143 (35.9%) had single infections and 26 (6.4%) were infected with more than one intestinal protozoa, in which 23 (5.9%) had double intestinal protozoa infections and 3 (0.5%) had triple infections. A significant relationship was observed between intestinal protozoa infection with economic status, water resources for drinking uses, and the methods of washing vegetables (P<0.05). Conclusion: Education programs on students and their families should be implemented for the prevention and control of protozoa infections in the study area.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1524 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1524/727

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 117 122 Ebrahim ABDOLLAHIAN Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Reza SHAFIEI Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran AND Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Naghmeh MOKHBER Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Kurosh KALANTAR Dept. of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abdolmajid FATA Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Research Center for Skin Diseases and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Psychiatric patients have an increased risk of some infections like toxoplasmosis. Investigations on Toxoplasma gondii infection among psychiatric patients have been limited in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. In this case-control study, prevalence of T. gondii was investigated by serological method. Methods: This case-control study was performed among psychiatric patients admitted to Avicenna Hospital in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. Three hundred and fifty inpatients and 350 controls were examined in 2012-2013 for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii in their blood sera by ELISA. Socio-demographic and clinical manifestations of the patients were obtained. Results: Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies was found in 164 (46.85%) of 350 psychiatric inpatients and 120 (34.28%) of 350 controls. Seventeen (4.85%) of psychiatric individuals and 3 (0.85%) of control group were IgM+/IgG- indicating acute form of toxoplasmosis. There were no statistically significant differences between the case and control groups. In patient group, schizophrenic patients had the highest positive rate (46.28%) and bipolar mood disorder had the second most prevalent rate (20%). Of 162 schizophrenia patients, 65 (40.1%) had latent infection which was higher than that observed in controls. Conclusion: The prevalence of T. gondii infection among psychiatric patients suffering from schizophrenia was more in Mashhad, compared with control group. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1525 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1525/680