Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 292 301 EN Abdolali Malmasi Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Bijan Ziaie Ardestani Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Bayanolhagh Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDs (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Mohebali Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hamidreza Khorram Khorshid Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parisa Sadrpour Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDs (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Negin Hosseini Rouzbahani Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDs (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Behnaz Akhoundi Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Soulmaz Naserli Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Shadi Ziaie Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ehsan Mostafavi Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Cytokines play a fundamental role in the regulation of immune responses in remission and/or relapsing of leishmaniasis. Therefore, immunotherapy for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has represented a principle approach in control of the infection. The present research aimed to evaluating the immunotherapeutic potential of a novel herbal immunomodulator drug (IMOD) on CVL. Methods: Twelve mongrel dogs were intravenously infected with Iranian strain of L. infantum and randomly divided into three groups; 1: negative control (non-infected), 2: immunotherapy with IMOD and 3: positive control (non-treated). Cell proliferation and Th1-/Th2-type cytokines were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) by cell proliferation kit I (MTT) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays, respectively. Results : At the 60 days follow-up assessment, no adverse effects were observed in treated interventional group. Cellular proliferation assay indicated that PBMCs of IMOD group had higher stimulation index (SI) than positive control group (p <0.05). Enhancement of CD4+ T cells such as IL-2, IL-4 & IL-10 were detected in negative control group due to in vitro IMOD stimulation 30 days post-treatment. In accordance to decreasing trends of Th1 & Th2 cytokines in positive control group, the mean number of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 spot forming cells (SFCs) down regulated for IMOD group during the study. Conclusion: These data indicate that IMOD had immunomodulatory potential but is not sufficient for total parasitic cure due to balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines. This is a preliminary study and we propose to undertake a series of experiments to evaluate the CVL due to in vitro modulatory effects of IMOD. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/399 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/399/345

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 302 310 EN Ali Eslami Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Parviz Shayan Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Said Bokaei Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: No data is available on morphology and genetic characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus derived from donkeys of Iran, despite of its existence in donkeys.In the present study morphometric variations of the rostellar hooks of protoscoleces and genotype characteristics of hydatid cyst of donkey from Iran were determined. Methods: Protoscoleces prepared from hydatid cyst of donkey of Iran were morphometric and genetic analyzed. The genetic analysis was done using Cox 1 gene by comparative sequence analysis. Results: Our morphometric results showed that donkey of Iran shares 6 out of 7 determined parameters with donkeys of Jordan and 4 out of 7 with 4 available data with Switzerland donkeys. Morphological similarities and dissimilarities were observed with sheep-dog (G1) and camel-dog strains (G6) of Iran. The nucleotide sequence alignment showed that the partial sequence of Cox 1 from donkey had 91% homology with query coverage of 99% to the corresponding sequence of E.equinus, 90% homology to the E. felidis, 90% homology to E. ortleppi, 89% homology to the E. shiquinus, 89% homology to the E. vogeli, 89% homology to the E. oligarthrus, 88% homology to the E. canadensis and 83% homology to the Taenia solium.Additionally, the amino acid sequence of this gene has also some differences between this strain and all known strains of E. granulosus even with E. equinus (G4). Conclusion: Despite of common morphological characteristics of Iranian donkey hydatid cyst with those of donkeys of other parts of the world, genetically it has its. own entity. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/398 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/398/346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 311 318 EN Habib Mohammadzadeh Hajipirloo Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Arezoo Bozorgomd Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Shahram Shahabi Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Seyed Ahmad Karamati Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist shifts the immune response toward a Th1 profile. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of the mixture of NTX and alum, as a new adjuvant, to enhance immune response and induce protection against Leishmania major in a mouse model. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized three times either autoclaved L.major promastigotes’ antigens alone or in combination with the adjuvant alum, naltrexone or the alum–naltrexone mixture. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed two weeks after the last immunization and compared with control mice. Results: The administration of alum- NTX in combination with the parasite antigen, significantly increased production of IFN-γ, IFN-γ /IL-5 ratio,lymphocyte proliferation and improved DTH response against L. major.There was no significant difference in survival following challenge among groups. Conclusion: Immunization with the alum– naltrexone mixture as an adjuvant,in combination with the autoclaved L. major promastigotes antigens,can enhance cellular immunity and shift the immune responses to a Th1 pattern. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/397 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/397/347

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 319 328 EN Xi Zhang Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. Jing Cui Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. Li Na Liu Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. Tong Wei Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. Peng Jiang Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. Zhong Quan Wang Dept. of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China. 2015 10 14 Background: The phylogenetic location of Chinese Spirometra sparganum isolates remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the phylogenetic location of the Spirometra sparganum isolates from China. Methods: The 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) D1 sequences of 14 Spirometra sparganum isolates collected from thirteen locations in China were analyzed by using Neighbor-Joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI),respectively. To investigate the deep variance of 28S rDNA D1 region among included species, the secondary structure of 28S rDNA D1 region was also calculated using the program RNA structure. Results: The genus Spirometra as a monophyletic group was evidenced by two inference methods (MP and BI). All sequences within the genus Spirometra had a bulge of a cytosine residue (Bulge C) in the stem 13 of the secondary structure model of 28S rRNA D1 region. Varietal sites in sequences from all thirteen Chinese isolates were appeared in loops. In loops, adenine was the most abundant base(averagely 41.9%) followed by guanine (averagely 30.0%), and cytosine (averagely 15.1%). In stems, the average percentage of G + C (58.3%) was higher than the percentage of A + T (41.7%). Conclusion: The „Bulge C‟ in the stem 13 of the 28S rDNA D1 secondary structure could be as a suitable mark to identify the Spirometra species https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/396 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/396/348

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 329 335 EN Mohammad Matini Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sassan Rezaie Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Mohebali Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Amir-Hossein Maghsood Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Soghra Rabiee Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatemieh Women Hospital, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Mohammad Fallah Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Mostafa Rezaeian Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is the agent of urogenital tract infection that causes human trichomoniasis with some serious health complications. More understanding about genetic features of the parasite can be helpful in the study of the pathogenesis, drug susceptibility and epidemiology of the infection. For this end,we conducted analysis of the actin gene of T. vaginalis by applying the PCR-SSCP(PCR-Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism) and nucleotide sequencingmethod. Methods: Fifty T. vaginalis samples were collected from 950 women attending gynecology clinics in two cities of Iran, Hamadan and Tehran, from November 2010 to July 2011. After axenisation of isolates, all samples subjected to PCR-SSCP and nucleotide sequencing. Results: According to the SSCP banding patterns and nucleotide sequencing, seven sequence types were detected among the isolates. Alignment of the nucleotide sequences showed five polymorphic sites in the different strain types. Amino acid substitution was not observed in the nucleotide sequence translation of the all sequences. Conclusion: The actin gene analysis represents genetic diversity of T. vaginalis and it suggests that various strains can be responsible for clinically different trichomoniasis in infected individuals. It is expected that further studies will be conductedto increase our knowledge about relationship between the actin gene polymorphism and different biological behavior of the parasite. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/395 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/395/349

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 336 341 EN Nahid Zainodini Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Mohammad Zare-Bidaki Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Seyyed Hossein Abdollahi Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. Mohammadreza Afrooz Rafsanjan center of Iranian Blood transfusion Organization, Rafsanjan, Iran. Naser Ziaali Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Mohammad Ebrahimian Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: The differentiation between acute and latent forms of the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection is still considered as a complicated issue. This study was aimed to elucidate the status of infection in the blood donors and the probable importance of blood transfusion in the transmission of the infection through detecting both immunological and genetic markers of acute and latent infection. Methods: Totally 235 blood samples from blood donors were collected. The levels of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were examined by specific ELISA kits. cDNA were synthesized from total extracted mRNA molecules from the serum samples and SAG1 gene, specific for tachyzoite form, were amplified using Real-Time PCR technique.Demographic information of study subjects including their gender, age, job,and habitat were recorded. Results: Out of 235 serum samples, 80 (34.04%) and 4 (1.71%) were positive regarding anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Real-Time PCR results showed that 14 out of 200 (6.97%) of blood donor had mRNA molecules of SAG1 gene. The positive results of Real-Time PCR of SAG1 in female gender and housekeepers were significantly higher than those of male gender and other job categories. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic and acute infection is high in Iranian blood donors. Additionally, evaluation of antibodies could not be reliable, because several donors negative for anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies had detectable SAG1 mRNA molecules.Hence, it seems that molecular diagnostic tests are essential to detect acute infections. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/394 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/394/350

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 342 349 EN Mehdi Bamorovat Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iraj Sharifi Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Majid Fasihi Harandi Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Mehdi Mohebali Dept. of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Publice Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Reza Malekpour Afshar Department of Pathology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Zahra Babaei Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Nasser Ziaali Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a systemic disease with a high mortality rate, caused by a diphasic protozoan parasite, Leishmania infantum/chagasi in the world. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of CVL in the city and suburbs of Kerman, using a range of serological, histopathological and molecular methods. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 80 clinically symptomatic stray dogs All the collected blood samples were tested by direct agglutination test (DAT) to detect the anti-Leishmania antibodies in dogs, using a cut-off value of ≥1:320. Pathological specimens including spleen, liver and lymph nodes were prepared for paraffin blocks, sectioning,staining and final microscopic examination in the pathology laboratory.PCR amplification of kDNA from 9 samples of DAT positive stray dogs was studied. Results: The anti-Leishmania antibody was detected in 9 dogs (11.25 %) of the total 80 studied dogs. No significant difference was found between VL infection and gender. In contrast, there was a significant difference between seropositivity and age (P<0.05). Pathological samples showed changes including hyperplasia of infected macrophages and inflammatory cells that occupied sinusoids and splenic cords. Among the samples which was characterized by PCR, only one specimen revealed to be mixed infection between L. infantum and L. tropica. Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of L. infantum infection in stray dogs in Kerman. This kind of information is needed for implementation of future control programs. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/393 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/393/351

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 350 357 EN Reza Nabavi Dept. of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Brendan Conneely School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland AND Teagasc, Animal Production Research Centre, Athenry, Co Galway, Ireland. Elaine McCarthy School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. Barbara Good Teagasc, Animal Production Research Centre, Athenry, Co Galway, Ireland. Parviz Shayan Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Theo DE Waal School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. 2015 10 14 Background: Accurate identification of sheep nematodes is a critical point in epidemiological studies and monitoring of drug resistance in flocks. However, due to a close morphological similarity between the eggs and larval stages of many of these nematodes,such identification is not a trivial task. There are a number of studies showing that molecular targets in ribosomal DNA (Internal transcribed spacer 1, 2 and Intergenic spacer) are suitable for accurate identification of sheep bursate nematodes. The objective of present study was to compare the ITS1, ITS2 and IGS regions of Iranian common bursate nematodes in order to choose best target for specific identification methods. Methods: The first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1and ITS2) and intergenic spacer (IGS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of 5 common Iranian bursate nematodes of sheep were sequenced. The sequences of some non–Iranian isolates were used for comparison in order to evaluate the variation in sequence homology between geographically different nematode populations. Results: Comparison of the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of Iranian nematodes showed greatest similarity among Teladorsagia circumcincta and Marshallagia marshalli of 94% and 88%, respectively. While Trichostrongylus colubriformis and M. marshalli showed the highest homology (99%) in the IGS sequences. Comparison of the spacer sequences of Iranian with non-Iranian isolates showed significantly higher variation in Haemonchus contortus compared to the other species. Conclusion: Both the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences are convenient targets to have species-specific identification of Iranian bursate nematodes. On the other hand the IGS region may be a less suitable molecular target. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/392 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/392/352

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 358 364 EN Mohammad Yakhchali Dept. of Pathobiology, Parasitology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Reza Malekzadeh-Viayeh Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Abass Imani-Baran Dept. of Pathobiology, Parasitology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Fasciolosis in livestock is a crucial concern in the globe, mainly due to its impact on human health. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of infection with Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1855) larvae in the field-collected snails of Lymnaea auricularia (Linnaeus, 1785) from northwestern Iran using a molecular approach. Methods: A total of 6,759 pond snails were collected from 28 freshwater bodies in West Azarbaijan. PCR was performed to amplify a 618-bp fragment of the nuclear 28 SrRNA gene of Fasciola. The PCR products were digested by AvaII restriction enzyme to create restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns specific for the detection of F. gigantica. Results: Of the total collected snails 496 (7.34 %) were L. auricularia, among which 4.64% (23 out of 496) were infected with a Fasciola species according to the PCR analysis. Only 2.22% (11 out of 496) of the infected snails were from the mountainous areas. The highest Fasciola infection rate recorded in the snails of a single site was 1.81% (9 out of 496 snails). Based on the RFLP pattern, F. gigantica accounted for 2.42% of the infection rates in the study sites. Conclusion: Application of PCR-RFLP was proven to be a useful approach for valid and robust detection of the infection with F. gigantica in its intermediate host snails. These findings may therefore be applicable for establishment of the controlprograms against dissemination of the infection in different regions. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/391 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/391/353

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 365 373 EN Wajihullah Khan Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Haytham A Zakai Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 2015 10 14 Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an annoying and disfiguring disease affecting around 1,500,000 individuals globally. There are endemic pockets of this disease in Taif region. In some patients, lesion often weeps and leads to scar formation. The study was conducted to see the efficacy of fluconazole and itraconazole in the patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the effect of these drugs on liver enzymes and kidney markers. Methods: Positivity of Leishmania was recorded by microscopic examinations of smears. Specific diagnosis for Leishmania major and L. tropica was made with the help of nested polymerase chain reaction. Fluconazole was given at the rate of 200mg/day while itraconazole was given at 150mg/day for six weeks. AST, ALT, creatinine and urea were estimated during medication. Results: Leishmania major and L. tropica were the species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Taif region. 81% patients had single lesions, mostly on face followed by hands and legs. 15% of the lesions had bacterial contamination.In terms of efficacy, fluconazole gave slightly better results compared to itraconazole. After 6 weeks of medications, slightly elevated values were recorded for liver enzymes and creatinine. Conclusion: Transmission of leishmaniasis in Taif region is probably because of poor coverage of residual insecticides spraying at hiding places in pile-ups of rocks and abandoned houses from where sand flies visit nearby houses and cattle sheds during night. Fluconazole and itraconazole may be used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with good recovery rate and fewer side effects. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/390 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/390/354

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 374 381 EN Said Ibrahim Shalaby Department of Complementary Medicine, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Mohammad El-Bahy Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Samy Ibrahim Aboulella Shalaby Department of Reproduction, Veterinary Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Hatem Shalaby Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Neelima Gupta Department of Animal Science, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, UP, India. Dileep Kumar Gupta Department of Zoology, Bareilly College, Bareilly, UP, India. 2015 10 14 Background:The study was targeted to report the appearance of coproantigens in feces and circulating antibodies in the serum of Fasciola gigantica  experimentally infected rabbits. Methods: Copro Hyper Immune Serum (HIS) and Excretory-Secretory Hyper Immune Serum (ES HIS) antigens were used in a sandwich ELISA for the detection of F. gigantica antigens in feces of 12 rabbits experimentally infected with different doses of F. gigantica encysted metacercariae (EMC) (10, 25 and 30 EMC). The relation between time of appearance of coproantigens in feces and anti-Fasciola antibodies in serum was evaluated. Results: The earliest diagnostic coproantigen was recorded at 21st, 25th and 28th day post-infection (p.i.) in groups of rabbits infected with 30, 25 and 10 F. gigantica EMC respectively. Both HIS and ES HIS were able to detect coproantigens in feces of rabbits infected with 30 EMC at day 21 p.i. The appearance of F. gigantica coproantigens in feces of infected rabbits was concurrent to the appearance of anti-Fasciola antibodies in blood (3rd week p.i.).However, coproantigen has specific ability for direct assessment of active infection with minimal cross-reaction with other heterologous parasitic infections. Conclusion: The findings hold promise for a more accurate diagnostic technique in the near future for suspected Fasciola infection.   https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/389 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/389/355

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 382 393 EN Gholamreza Habibi Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Kasra Esmaeil-Nia Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Hasan Izadi Department of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Orang Ataie Amarloie Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Asghar Afshari Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Nadia Bordbar Department of Quality Control of Biological Products, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: In this study, the pilot production of aerobic bioreactor tropical theileriosis vaccine was optimized with the aim of immunological assays for further mass production. Methods: We have shown earlier the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay could be used for evaluating the immunity and memory cells against specific Theileria antigen in vaccinated animals. In addition, TNF-α is the principle cytokine in modulating the cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). Immunological analysis of the vaccine was performed by using two cell mediated immunity(CMI) in vitro and in vivo DTH test (Theilerin) and TNF-α assay. Results: The results of immune responses of susceptible immunized cattle by bioreactor vaccine in comparison with conventional flask vaccine revealed a significant stimulation of immune cells by transcription of high level of TNF-α and positive reaction against Theileria antigen in Theilerin skin test (DTH). Conclusion: The equal immunological results achieved in both above mentioned vaccines verified the satisfactory immunity for aerobic bioreactor theileriosis vaccine for advance mass vaccination in the field on a large scale https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/388 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/388/356

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 394 401 EN Li-Jun Jia Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China. Shou-Fa Zhang Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China. Ming-Ming Liu Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China. Nian-Chao Qian Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China. Huan-Ping Guo Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China. 2015 10 14 Background: The aim of the study was to provide a point of reference to study the Neospora caninum infections in China. Methods: Genome DNA was extracted from the brains of aborted fetuses and specific PCR was performed with N. caninum Nc5-targeted specific primers. Fetal bovine brain tissues were homogenized and continuously cultured in Vero cells with double antibodies. The medium was replaced at 2-d intervals and the state of cells was observed. Results: A 608 bp Nc5 gene band was detected by PCR amplification. After sequencing,the sequence of the sample shared 99.5% homology with GenBank(AF061249). Brain homogenates were continuously cultured in Vero cells for 34 d and N. caninum was found. The results of IFAT and Nc5 gene-based PCR detection were N. caninum-positive, and the parasite was tentatively named N. caninum China Yanbian strain. BABL/c mice were inoculated with the separated parasites and showed clinical symptoms of ataxia and limb paralysis after 12 d. Only 3 mice survived.The blood of dying mice and the hearts, livers, spleens, lungs, kidneys, andbrains of dead mice were collected aseptically. The Nc5 gene-based PCR showed that N. caninum may exist in brains, livers, and spleen. Based on immunohistochemical observations, we showed that N. caninum tachyzoites existed in the brains and livers. Conclusion: We have successfully isolated bovine-specific N. caninum strain from brain tissues of aborted cattle in the China Yanbian region. This isolated strain has a strong infectious ability towards BABL/c mice. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/387 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/387/357

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 9 3 2014 09 15 402 406 EN Mohammad Ebrahimipour Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Nateghpour Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran AND National Institute of Health Research, TUMS, Tehran, Iran. Homa Hajjaran Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Gholamhosein Edrissian Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Mahmood Jalali Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, TUMS, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Raeisi Center for Disease Control and Management, Ministry of Health& Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Leila Farivar Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Masomeh Khodadadi Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Abas Rahimi-Froushani Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, TUMS, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: One of the most important enzymatic disorders that interact with malaria is deficiency of GLastName>MHADHBI Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia Sassi LIMAM Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia Mohamed Aziz DARGHOUTH Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia Souha BENABDERRAZAK Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia 2018 06 25 2018 06 25 Background: Theileria annulata is an economically important cattle disease in North Africa that occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. Accurate and rapid, molecular diagnosis of tropical theileriosis is an important issue that allows early treatment and, prevents transmission. We developed and validated a Theileria annulata specific LAMP assay targeting the cytochrome b multicopy gene, in order to increase the DNA detection sensitivity. Methods: The methodology was used to evaluate the occurrences of T. annulata in 88 field samples collected in Northern Tunisia during 2013-2014. The specificity and sensitivity of the LAMP assays were compared to conventional cytochrome b PCR and routine microscopy commonly used on naturally infected cattle blood samples. Results: The PCR assay showed a sensitivity of 70% and specificity around 75%. Our LAMP assay showed a suitable sensitivity 78.7% and specificity 87.5%, with, however, positive (98.4%) and negative (29.1%) predictive values. Conclusion: The LAMP assay is a simple and convenient diagnostic tool for tropical theileriosis. Moreover, LAMP does not require experienced staff and specialized equipment for sampling procedures and it is practical outside laboratories and can be used for field diagnosis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2205 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2205/830

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 13 2 2018 06 25 235 243 Lijun JIA Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China Huanping GUO National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan Mingming LIU National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan Yang GAO National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan Lei ZHANG Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China Hang LI Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China Suzhu XIE Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China Ningning ZHANG Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China 2018 06 25 2018 06 25 Background: We aimed to construct an adenovirus expressing a cross-reactive fragment of the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) antigen and evaluated the concomitant immune response in BABL/c mice, allowing protection against N. caninum and T. gondii infection. Methods: The study was conducted in Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China In 2015-2016. Primers were designed using the AMA1 gene sequences of N. caninum (AB265823.1) and T. gondii (AF010264.1). After linearization of the plasmid ADV4-NcAMA1 and the framework plasmid pacAd5, a total of 293T cells were co-transfected and Ad5-NcAMA1 recombinant adenovirus were packed. BALB/c mice were inoculated. Simultaneously serum IgG antibody levels and IFN-γand IL-4 cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. After immunization three times in two weeks, each group of BABL/c mice were divided into two groups, respectively given intraperitoneal inoculation by the Neospora tachyzoite and Toxoplasma tachyzoite. Then we observed the clinical symptoms and statistical survival rate of mice. Results: The level of IgG in BABL/c mice immunized with Ad5-NcAMA1 was significantly increased when compared with that of pVAX1-NcAMA1 and PBS groups (P<0.01). At the same time, the cytokine levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were also higher in the Ad4-NcAMA1 group than in the control groups (P<0.01). Moreover, BABL/c mice immunized with Ad5-NcAMA1, pVAX1-NcAMA1, and PBS showed survival rates of 75%, 45% and 20% after N. caninum infection, and 45%, 10% and 0% after T. gondii infection, respectively. Conclusion: The adenovirus vaccineAd5-NcAMA1 could provide protective immunity against N. caninum and T. gondii infection. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2206 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2206/831

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 13 2 2018 06 25 244 250 Mustafa YAMAN Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey AND Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant İzzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Turkey 2018 06 25 2018 06 25 Background: Chrysomela (=Melasoma) populi is one of the most serious pests on poplar plantations. In the present study, a microsporidian pathogen, Nosema melasomae infecting Crysomela populi is re-recorded from a new geographical locality and its spore ultrastructure is given for the first time. Methods: Larvae and adults of C. populi were dissected in Ringer’s solution and prepared wet smears were examined under a microscope. Detected fresh and stained spores were measured and photographed using an Olympus BX51 microscope with a DP-25 digital camera and a DP2-BSW Soft Imaging System. The ultrastructure of the pathogen was studied with a Philips EM 208 transmission electron microscope using standard preparation techniques as previously described Results: Fresh spores of the microsporidian pathogen are elongate, 4.86 ± 0.71 µm in length and 1.64 ± 0.19 µm in width. The spore wall is considerable thin, measured 60 to 100 nm and consists of a clear endospore (40 to 80 nm) and an electron-dense, uniform exospore (15 to 30 nm). The polar filament is isofilar and has only 6-8 coils. Nuclei in the cell are 400-560 nm in diameter. The polaroplast has a thin lamellated structure. Conclusion: The pathogen from C. populi is N. melasomae Sidor & Jodal, 1986 and its systematic position given by Sidor and Jodal. The spore ultrastructure of N. melasomae differs from those of other microsporidia infecting chrysomelids. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2207 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2207/832

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 13 2 2018 06 25 251 257 Afsaneh AMOUEI Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Hefzallah JAHANDAR Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Ahmad DARYANI Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Mehdi SHARIF Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Shahabeddin SARVI Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Azadeh MIZANI Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Seyed Abdollah HOSSEINI Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Mohammad SARAFRAZI Mazandaran Provincial Veterinary Department of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Abolghasem SIYADATPANAH Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Shaban GOHARDIEH Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Reza BASTANI Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Shirzad GHOLAMI Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Dept. of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2018 06 25 2018 06 25 Background: Intestinal parasites are the most common causes of gastrointestinal disease in canine. Stray dogs and wild candies can represent potential reservoirs of enteropathogens to other hosts. Therefore, present study determined the prevalence of intestinal parasites in canine in Mazandaran Province, northern, Iran. Methods: Overall, 58 small intestinal samples of animals (42 stray dogs and 16 jackals) were collected from Oct 2012 to Dec 2013. The intestine contents were studied to detect and identify helminth infections. Then, the helminths were collected and their morphological traits were identified. Results: Overall among infected stray dogs and jackals, 11 species were found. Three species of nematodes, seven species of cestodes and one trematode were observed. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of stray dogs and jackals were 59.5% and 50%, respectively. Among registered zoonotic helminths A. caninum was the predominant parasite both stray dogs and jackals. Interestingly, Spirometra spp. was reported in these animals. Moreover, A. caninum showed a higher percentage rate in center region of province. Conclusion: There are the clear risks of zoonotic helminths parasites infection in this region. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic parasite infection is useful for health care access both domestic animals and humans health. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2208 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2208/833

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 13 2 2018 06 25 267 274 Leila NOURANI Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran AND Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mansour ALIABADIAN Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran AND Research Department of Zoological Innovations, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Navid DINPARAST DJADID Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Omid MIRSHAMSI Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran AND Research Department of Zoological Innovations, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2018 06 25 2018 06 25 Background: Avian haemosporidians are able to parasitize numerous bird species all over the world. The extensive range of blood parasites infection rate is between 50% and 100% or less percentage. Haemoparasites with major effects on physiology, ecology, health, population dynamics, sexual selection and production success of avian hosts may promote species extinction. Methods: To evaluate haemosporidians infection rate in Iranian birds, 136 individuals were examined by microscopic observation of stained blood smears under light microscope. These samples belonged to 10 different families of Songbirds from the east of Iran from April to August 2014-2016. Results: Fifty-one passerine birds were detected as harboring Haemoproteus spp. Furthermore, we recorded Haemoproteus spp. infection of Granativora bruniceps, Oenanthe pleschanka for the first time in the world and eight more species for Iran. Conclusion: Age and sampling localities do not influence the infection rate of Haemoproteus spp. from the eastern provinces of Iran. The relative high infection of avian haematozoa revealed this region might provide suitable sites for future studies on these parasites and the relationship with their hosts and vectors. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2212 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2212/837

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 13 2 2018 06 25 275 284 Nona MORADPOUR Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Hassan BORJI Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Jamshid DARVISH Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran AND Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Ali MOSHAVERINIA Dept. of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Ahmad MAHMOUDI Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2018 06 25 2018 06 25 Background: Climate condition is expected to have significant in rodents’ diversity and in the seasonal pattern of diseases carried by different rodents. In an effort to aid in the study of the biodiversity of parasites of rodents in different climate zoon we examined climate patterns in the parasite assemblages of different rodents from Mar 2015 to Feb 2016. Methods: Of 253 captured rodents in three climate zone of Iran, thirteen species of rodents were recognized. Rodents included Mus musculus, Microtus, Apodemus witherbyi, Calomyscus elburzensis, Meriones libycus, Tatera indica, Alactaga elater, and Arvicola amphibius. Trapped rodents humanely sacrificed and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were removed and examined to identify parasitic helminths. Parasites were identified using key morphological characteristics. Results: Of 253 rodents examined, 109 (43.08%) were positive for helminth infection including Syphacia obvelata (20.1%), Aspicularis tetraptera (9.9%), Trichuris muris (0.3%), Capillaria sp. (0.3%), Physaloptera sp. (0.7%), Gongylonema sp. (1.1%),  Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (6.7%) Heligmosomoides polygyrus (4.3%) Hymenolepis diminuta (3.1%), H. nana (0.8%), Cysticercus fasciolaris, (2.7%), Mesocestoides sp. larva (0.3%) and Moniliformis moniliformis (0.3%). Notocotylus neyrai was the only species of Trematoda isolated from water vole (Arvicola amphibius) for the first time in Iran. Conclusion: Some rodents are omnivorous, showing high predisposition to helminths parasites consequently, they harbor some species of parasites which are potentially zoonotic or may serve as vectors of important zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, the potential health hazard of these species needs to be considered to prevent infectivity of humans. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2213 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.p