Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 21 3 2026 09 01 310 325 Azadeh Zolfaghari Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Sarah Seyedyousefi Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Parisa Mousavi Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Zabihollah Shahmoradi Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Hanieh Sharifian Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Maryam Aghaei Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Seyedmohsen Hosseini Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2025 07 01 2026 09 01 Background: This review investigated the impact of skin and gut microbiomes on the development of leishmaniasis. Dysbiosis in these microbiomes is associated with various skin disorders through mechanisms related to immune modulation and inflammation. Leishmaniasis primarily presents as cutaneous wounds. The immune response of the host to Leishmania plays a crucial role in determining the disease's severity and treatment effectiveness. Gaining insight into these microbiome-immune dynamics is essential for improving the prevention and management of leishmaniasis. Methods: A thorough analysis of the most recent research was done, emphasizing the functions of chemokines and cytokines in Leishmania infection. Synthesizing key findings from research indexed by PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE, and Magiran up to June 2024 provided an extensive understanding of immunological mechanisms. Eventually, 19 manuscripts were included in this review and thoroughly investigated and reported. Results: The delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signals in the immune response to Leishmania infection largely depends on the commensal microbial populations. Conclusion: Future research should concentrate on modifying these reactions to improve treatment outcomes for leishmaniasis. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4647 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4647/1507