Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 19 4 2024 11 24 384 396 Aref Teimouri Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Shima Mahmoudi Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Atefeh Behkar Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Keivan Sahebi Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hassan Foroozand Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Gholamreza Hassanpour Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Keshavarz 1. Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 10 25 2024 11 16 Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite capable of crossing the placenta in pregnancy and infecting the developing fetus, leading to various congenital anomalies and even abortion. Acute Toxoplasma infection is responsible for almost all cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent pregnant women. Prenatal screening for acute toxoplasmosis primarily involves maternal serology and fetal ultrasound imaging. When serological or ultrasound findings suggest acute infection, further diagnostic tests are necessary to confirm fetal infection. Currently, molecular methods to detect the parasite’s DNA, including polymerase chain reaction-based methods, on amniotic fluid are the gold standard tests for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. In this review, we aim to discuss various aspects of screening and diagnostic methods for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy, including (i) current serological assays, screening approaches, and future perspectives; (ii) the role of imaging techniques, with an emphasis on ultrasound; (iii) principles and recent advances in diagnostic molecular methods; (iv) emerging techniques, such as point-of-care-based tests and biosensors, and microRNAs as novel biomarkers of acute infection; and (v) an overview of screening programs in different countries, important epidemiological determinants, and recommendations for Toxoplasma screening health policies. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/4414 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/4414/1385