Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 16 3 2021 08 31 490 498 Mina Taraghian Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran Helena Hanif Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan Parisa Mousavi Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Zahra Baharlooeyan cheshmeh Medical Laboratory Department, Laboratory Expert, University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran Azam Samei Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Abbas Abdollahi Department of Microbiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Hossein Vazini Nursing Department, Basic Sciences Faculty, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran 2020 04 05 2021 06 21 Background: Leishmaniasis is one of the main vectors borne and neglected tropical parasitic diseases. T cell cytokine responses are highly important in the presentations of disease such as control or progression, and understanding of the host immunological response is valuable in diagnosis, follow-up, and vaccine designs. In the current study, the profile of IFN-ɤ, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines was investigated through the ELISA technique in PBMCs isolated from antimony resistance and susceptible patients. Methods: In this experimental study, 54 patients with healing (n=27) or non-healing (n=27) CL were recruited. Lesion samples were collected to determine the genotype of Leishmania spp. and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained to evaluate the cytokines profiles using soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) mitogen. Cytokines were assessed by the ELISA technique Results: The IFN-ɤ and TNF-α cytokines were significantly increased in the healing group treated with both SLA antigen and PHA mitogen (P<0.001). The level of IL-10 was significantly increased in non-healing and significantly declined in healing groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: The profile of IFN-ɤ, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines are crucially associated with the response of treatment. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/2878 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/2878/1160