Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 4 2017 12 26 597 605 Muhammad Jamal Khan AFRIDI Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abdul Hafeez MIAN Dept. of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Muhammad SAQIB Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Ghazanfar ABBAS Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Javid ALI Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan Muhammad Khalid MANSOOR Animal Health Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman Awais ur Rahman SIAL Dept. of Clinical Studies, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Imaad RASHEED Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Muhammad Hammad HUSSAIN Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Animal Health Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman 2017 12 26 2017 12 26 Background: Theileria equi is a tick borne protozoan parasite which causes piroplasmosis among equines worldwide. The present study was aimed to determine seroprevalence of T. equi in donkeys, horses, and mules from two equine populated districts (Peshawar and Charsadda) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Methods: A total of 393 equine (195 horses, 194 donkeys and 4 mules) serum samples were collected from five and four randomly selected localities in Charsadda (n = 193) and Peshawar (n = 200), respectively. The presence of antibodies to T. equi was determined using a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: An overall seroprevalence of 38.2% (n=150) was observed among all the tested animals suggesting a higher seropositivity among equids belonging to Charsada (50.3%) as compared to Peshawar (27.5%). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that being a donkey (OR 2.94), having tick infestation (OR 4.32), history of voiding red (i.e., blood containing) urine (OR 3.97) and anemia (OR 2.1) were the factors significantly associated with the seroprevalence of T. equi. For animals with higher anti-T. equi antibody titers, a strong association of seroprevalence for T. equi was recorded with species, age, sex, tick infestation, anemia and history of hematuria. Conclusion: The present study indicates a high level of exposure of working equids to T. equi in KPK region, Pakistan. Future studies should focus on tick vector identification and other factors responsible for spread of the disease.  https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1934 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1934/795