Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Parasitology 1735-7020 12 1 2017 02 27 1 11 Iraj SHARIFI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Reza AFLATOONIAN Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Hossein DAEI PARIZI Afzalipour Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Ali HOSSEININASAB Afzalipour Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mahshid MOSTAFAVI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi BAMOROVAT Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Abass AGHAEI AFSHAR Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mehdi MOHEBALI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KESHAVARZ Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid DANESHVAR Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Zahra BABAEI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Hossein MAHMOUDVAND Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Ali MOHAMMADI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Fatemeh SHARIFI Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad BARATI Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein KAMIABI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Tabandeh KHALEGHI Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2017 02 27 2017 02 27 Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has strong links with poverty, substantial medical and veterinary impacts. This review aimed to focus in studies published during 1994-2016 on VL in southeastern Iran. Methods: The present review is based on expert knowledge and historical studies published during the past 23 yr (1994-2016) on VL in southeastern Iran. In addition, related literature found in PubMed by using the keywords such as visceral leishmaniasis, kala-azar, and Leishmania infantum are included. Results: Overall, 118 children aged 4.2 yr were detected as infected with human VL (HVL). The majority of the cases were from Orzoieh district (37.1%) in southwest of Kerman Province, followed by Sirjan (15.7%), Jiroft (14.8%), Kahnuj (9.3%) and to lesser extent from other areas. The male to female ratio was 1.7. The three most frequent clinical features were represented by fever (100.0%), anemia (95.0%) and splenomegaly (91.5%). Altogether, 42.0% of the VL cases developed secondary bacterial infections, the overall case-fatality rate was 3.4%, and majorities (88.0%) of the VL patients were undernourished. Overall, 733 dogs and wild canines were examined by different techniques with various seroprevalence ranges. Conclusion: In southeastern Iran, VL is endemic in Orzoieh district in Kerman Province. While the dogs are implicated as the main domestic reservoir of VL, wide range of wild canines can serve as a secondary potential reservoir host. https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/view/1511 https://ijpa.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpa/article/download/1511/667